The American Civil War, 1861–1865: Front Lines, Battles and Casualties

by @chrisjager · 6 Nov 1860 – 6 Dec 1865

Read the article: The American Civil War, 1861–1865: Front Lines, Battles and Casualties

About this map

From Lincoln's election to the abolition of slavery: eleven states leave the Union, and four years of war push the Confederacy back county by county until its armies surrender in the spring of 1865. Dark blue is the Union, light blue the Confederate ground held by Union armies, red the Confederacy, salmon the Union ground Confederate armies held for a while, tan the Indian nations allied with the Confederacy. Arrows trace the great campaigns and raids; every dot is a battle (blue: Union victory, red: Confederate victory, grey: inconclusive), and the bar at the top adds up each side's battle casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured) as the war goes on, with a lighter band where sources disagree. The counter counts battles only. About two-thirds of the war's deaths came from disease, and recent estimates put the total dead at 620,000–750,000. Control is simplified to counties: "Union-held" means garrisons and the country around them, not every farm. Raids and marches that did not stay are shown as arrows, not as territory. Sources: Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle list and NPS battle summaries; Wikipedia battle articles (casualties from Eicher, Livermore and the Official Records); Kennedy, The Civil War Battlefield Guide; state encyclopedias (Encyclopedia Virginia, Tennessee Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Arkansas, Handbook of Texas, 64 Parishes, NCpedia, New Georgia Encyclopedia); Census county boundaries.

Text version: https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-american-civil-war-18611865-front-lines-battles-and-casualties.md

Timeline

DateWhat the map shows
6 Nov 1860Nov 1860 · Lincoln elected president
20 Dec 1860Dec 1860 · South Carolina secedes
26 Jan 1861Jan 1861 · The Deep South secedes
18 Feb 1861Feb 1861 · Confederacy formed, Davis sworn in
12 Apr 1861Apr 1861 · Fort Sumter: the war begins
6 May 1861May 1861 · Virginia and Arkansas secede
23 May 1861May 1861 · TN and NC secede; Kentucky neutral
20 Jun 1861Jun 1861 · Union holds NW Virginia and Missouri
21 Jul 1861Jul 1861 · First Battle of Bull Run
10 Aug 1861Aug 1861 · Wilson's Creek; Confederate Arizona
20 Sep 1861Sep 1861 · Kentucky invaded; siege of Lexington
7 Nov 1861Nov 1861 · Port Royal taken; Belmont
19 Jan 1862Jan 1862 · Mill Springs
16 Feb 1862Feb 1862 · Forts Henry and Donelson fall
8 Mar 1862Mar 1862 · Pea Ridge; Nashville taken; ironclads
28 Mar 1862Mar 1862 · Glorieta Pass; New Bern
7 Apr 1862Apr 1862 · Shiloh; Island No. 10
1 May 1862May 1862 · New Orleans falls
31 May 1862May 1862 · Seven Pines; Corinth; the Valley
30 Jun 1862Jun 1862 · Seven Days; Memphis falls
30 Aug 1862Aug 1862 · Second Bull Run; Kentucky invaded
17 Sep 1862Sep 1862 · Antietam
8 Oct 1862Oct 1862 · Perryville; Corinth
13 Dec 1862Dec 1862 · Fredericksburg
2 Jan 1863Jan 1863 · Emancipation; Stones River
14 Mar 1863Mar 1863 · Port Hudson; Jacksonville
6 May 1863May 1863 · Chancellorsville; Grant crosses
22 May 1863May 1863 · Vicksburg and Port Hudson besieged
28 Jun 1863Jun 1863 · Lee in Pennsylvania; West Virginia
4 Jul 1863Jul 1863 · Gettysburg; Vicksburg surrenders
18 Jul 1863Jul 1863 · Port Hudson; Morgan's raid; Wagner
10 Sep 1863Sep 1863 · Knoxville, Chattanooga, Little Rock
20 Sep 1863Sep 1863 · Chickamauga
25 Nov 1863Nov 1863 · Chattanooga; Gettysburg Address
20 Feb 1864Feb 1864 · Olustee; Meridian raid
12 Apr 1864Apr 1864 · Red River; Fort Pillow
15 May 1864May 1864 · Wilderness, Spotsylvania; Resaca
3 Jun 1864Jun 1864 · Cold Harbor
27 Jun 1864Jun 1864 · Siege of Petersburg; Kennesaw
12 Jul 1864Jul 1864 · Early at the gates of Washington
30 Jul 1864Jul 1864 · Battles for Atlanta; the Crater
5 Aug 1864Aug 1864 · Mobile Bay
2 Sep 1864Sep 1864 · Atlanta falls
22 Sep 1864Sep 1864 · Sheridan in the Valley; Price's raid
23 Oct 1864Oct 1864 · Cedar Creek; Westport
16 Nov 1864Nov 1864 · Lincoln re-elected; Sherman marches
30 Nov 1864Nov 1864 · Franklin; March to the Sea
21 Dec 1864Dec 1864 · Nashville; Savannah falls
15 Jan 1865Jan 1865 · Fort Fisher falls
22 Feb 1865Feb 1865 · Columbia, Charleston, Wilmington
21 Mar 1865Mar 1865 · Bentonville
3 Apr 1865Apr 1865 · Petersburg and Richmond fall
9 Apr 1865Apr 1865 · Lee surrenders at Appomattox
15 Apr 1865Apr 1865 · Lincoln assassinated
26 Apr 1865Apr 1865 · Johnston surrenders
13 May 1865May 1865 · Davis captured; Taylor surrenders
2 Jun 1865Jun 1865 · Kirby Smith surrenders
23 Jun 1865Jun 1865 · Juneteenth; the last army surrenders
6 Dec 1865Dec 1865 · 13th Amendment ends slavery

Layers

United States (Union) · US territories · Neutral Kentucky · Confederate-held Union ground · Indian nations allied with the Confederacy · Confederate States · Union-occupied South · McClellan's western Virginia campaign · Lyon's Missouri campaign · Price's advance to Lexington · Du Pont's fleet to Port Royal · Curtis: Pea Ridge to Helena · Sibley's New Mexico campaign · Jackson's Valley Campaign · California Column · Peninsula Campaign · Stuart's ride around McClellan · Morgan's First Kentucky Raid · Kirby Smith's invasion of Kentucky · Jackson's march around Pope (Second Manassas) · Bragg's invasion of Kentucky · Lee's Maryland Campaign · Stuart's Chambersburg Raid · Forrest's West Tennessee Raid · Van Dorn's Holly Springs Raid · Morgan's Christmas Raid · Grant's Vicksburg Campaign · Banks's Bayou Teche campaign · Grierson's Raid · Combahee River raid (Montgomery and Tubman) · Lee's Gettysburg Campaign (advance and retreat) · Morgan's Great Raid · Steele's Little Rock campaign · Quantrill's raid on Lawrence · Rio Grande expedition · Sherman's Meridian Expedition · Seymour's Olustee expedition · Banks's Red River campaign · Forrest's 1864 raid to Paducah and Fort Pillow · Steele's Camden expedition · Grant's Overland Campaign · Sherman's Atlanta Campaign · Hunter's raid on Lynchburg · Early's raid on Washington · Farragut runs into Mobile Bay · Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign · Price's Missouri raid · Asboth's raid to Marianna · Hood's Franklin-Nashville Campaign · March to the Sea (left wing) · March to the Sea (right wing) · Hatch's Honey Hill expedition · Sherman's Carolinas campaign: South Carolina (right wing) · Sherman's Carolinas campaign: Slocum's left wing and Kilpatrick · Newton's St Marks expedition (Natural Bridge) · Sherman's Carolinas Campaign (North Carolina) · Canby's Mobile campaign (13th and 16th Corps) · Steele's column from Pensacola · Wilson's Raid · Stoneman's 1865 raid · Lee's retreat to Appomattox · Potter's raid

Events

  • 6 Nov 1860, Lincoln elected president: Abraham Lincoln of Illinois wins the presidency with 40% of the popular vote and not one electoral vote from the slave states. Southern secessionists treat the result as the signal to leave the Union.
  • 20 Dec 1860, South Carolina secedes: A convention in Charleston votes 169–0 to dissolve South Carolina's union with the other states, citing the threat to slavery.
  • 8 Feb 1861, Confederate States of America formed: Delegates of the seven seceded states adopt a provisional constitution at Montgomery, Alabama. Jefferson Davis is sworn in as provisional president on 18 February.
  • 4 Mar 1861, Lincoln inaugurated: In his first inaugural address Lincoln calls secession illegal but promises not to interfere with slavery where it exists: "We are not enemies, but friends."
  • 13 Apr 1861, Battle of Fort Sumter: Confederate victory, 12–13 April 1861. Union: Robert Anderson. Confederate: P. G. T. Beauregard. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 0, Confederate 0. Beauregard takes Charleston Federal fort in the first battle of the American Civil War.
  • 15 Apr 1861, Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers: After the fall of Fort Sumter Lincoln asks the states for 75,000 militia to put down the rebellion. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina refuse and secede in the weeks after.
  • 19 Apr 1861, Union blockade proclaimed: Lincoln proclaims a blockade of the Southern ports. The Anaconda Plan's navy grows from 42 ships to more than 600 and slowly strangles the Confederacy's trade.
  • 21 Jul 1861, First Battle of Bull Run: Confederate victory, 21 July 1861. Union: Irvin McDowell. Confederate: P. G. T. Beauregard; Joseph E. Johnston. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 2,708 (2,708–2,896), Confederate 1,982 (1,897–1,982). McDowell loses to J.E. Johnston, Beauregard; Jackson named "Stonewall".
  • 10 Aug 1861, Battle of Wilson's Creek: Confederate victory, 10 August 1861. Union: Nathaniel Lyon; Franz Sigel; Samuel D. Sturgis. Confederate: Sterling Price; Ben McCulloch; Nicholas Pearce. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 1,317, Confederate 1,222 (1,095–1,222). Union forces under Nathaniel Lyon and Samuel D. St…
  • 16 Feb 1862, Battle of Fort Donelson: Union victory, 11–16 February 1862. Union: Ulysses S. Grant; Andrew H. Foote. Confederate: John B. Floyd; Gideon J. Pillow; Simon Bolivar Buckner, Sr. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 2,691 (2,691–2,852), Confederate 13,846 (13,846–17,000). Confederate army under Simon Boliva…
  • 8 Mar 1862, Battle of Pea Ridge: Union victory, 6–8 March 1862. Union: Samuel R. Curtis; Franz Sigel. Confederate: Earl Van Dorn; Benjamin McCulloch; Albert Pike; Sterling Price. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 1,384, Confederate 2,000 (1,000–2,500). Union victory by Samuel Ryan Curtis over Earl Van Dorn en…
  • 28 Mar 1862, Battle of Glorieta Pass: Union victory, 26–28 March 1862. Union: John P. Slough; John M. Chivington. Confederate: Charles L. Pyron; William R. Scurry; Henry H. Sibley. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 147 (132–147), Confederate 222 (222–227). Tactical draw. Union strategic victory. Dubbed the "Gettys…
  • 7 Apr 1862, Battle of Shiloh: Union victory, 6–7 April 1862. Union: Ulysses S. Grant; Don Carlos Buell. Confederate: Albert Sidney Johnston; P. G. T. Beauregard. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 13,047, Confederate 10,699. Grant and reinforcements under Buell repulse Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Be…
  • 8 Apr 1862, Battle of Island Number Ten: Union victory, 28 February – 8 April 1862. Union: John Pope; Andrew H. Foote. Confederate: John P. McCown; William W. Mackall. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 78 (51–78), Confederate 4,500 (3,017–7,030). Union victory by Pope over John P. McCown.
  • 28 Apr 1862, Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip: Union victory, 18–28 April 1862. Union: David G. Farragut. Confederate: Johnson K. Duncan; John K. Mitchell; John A. Stephenson. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 229, Confederate 782. Decisive battle for possession of New Orleans.
  • 25 May 1862, First Battle of Winchester: Confederate victory, 25 May 1862. Union: Nathaniel P. Banks. Confederate: Stonewall Jackson. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 2,019, Confederate 397 (397–400). Stonewall Jackson defeats Nathaniel P. Banks.
  • 30 May 1862, Siege of Corinth: Union victory, 29 April – 30 May 1862. Union: Henry W. Halleck. Confederate: P. G. T. Beauregard. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 1,000, Confederate 1,000. Union forces capture town, Beauregard tricks Union in order to escape to Tupelo.
  • 27 Jun 1862, Battle of Gaines' Mill: Confederate victory, 27 June 1862. Union: George B. McClellan. Confederate: Robert E. Lee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 7,337 (6,800–7,337), Confederate 7,993 (7,993–8,750). (Seven Days) Lee defeats McClellan.
  • 1 Jul 1862, Battle of Malvern Hill: Union victory, 1 July 1862. Union: George B. McClellan; Fitz John Porter. Confederate: Robert E. Lee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 3,007 (2,100–3,214), Confederate 5,650 (5,355–5,650). (Seven Days) McClellan defeats Lee but withdraws after battle.
  • 30 Aug 1862, Second Battle of Bull Run: Confederate victory, 28–30 August 1862. Union: John Pope; Franz Sigel. Confederate: Robert E. Lee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 14,462 (13,826–14,462), Confederate 8,353 (7,298–8,353). Lee defeats Pope's Army of Virginia.
  • 17 Sep 1862, Battle of Antietam: Inconclusive, 17 September 1862. Union: George B. McClellan. Confederate: Robert E. Lee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 12,410 (12,400–12,410), Confederate 10,316 (10,300–10,316). McClellan ends Lee's first invasion of North, bloodiest single day of the war.
  • 22 Sep 1862, Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation: Five days after Antietam, Lincoln announces that all enslaved people in states still in rebellion on 1 January 1863 will be free.
  • 8 Oct 1862, Battle of Perryville: Inconclusive, 8 October 1862. Union: Don Carlos Buell; George Henry Thomas. Confederate: Braxton Bragg. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 4,241 (4,211–4,241), Confederate 3,396. Tactical indecisive battle that ended Bragg's Kentucky campaign.
  • 15 Dec 1862, Battle of Fredericksburg: Confederate victory, 11–15 December 1862. Union: Ambrose Burnside. Confederate: Robert E. Lee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 12,653 (12,600–12,653), Confederate 5,377 (5,300–5,377). Lee beats back repeated frontal assaults by Burnside.
  • 1863, Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln declares free the enslaved people in the areas still in rebellion and opens the Union army to Black soldiers; about 180,000 would serve. Freedom now advances with the Union armies.
  • 2 Jan 1863, Battle of Stones River: Union victory, 31 December 1862 – 2 January 1863. Union: William S. Rosecrans; Alexander McCook; George H. Thomas; Thomas L. Crittenden; David S. Stanley. Confederate: Braxton Bragg; Leonidas Polk; William J. Hardee; Joseph Wheeler. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 12,906 (12…
  • 6 May 1863, Battle of Chancellorsville: Confederate victory, 30 April – 6 May 1863. Union: Joseph Hooker. Confederate: Robert E. Lee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 12,587 (12,145–12,587), Confederate 11,390 (11,390–12,764). Lee defeats Hooker's Army of Potomac, Jackson mortally wounded.
  • 16 May 1863, Battle of Champion Hill: Union victory, 16 May 1863. Union: Ulysses S. Grant. Confederate: John C. Pemberton. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 2,457 (2,441–2,457), Confederate 3,840 (3,840–4,300). Grant defeats Pemberton.
  • 20 Jun 1863, West Virginia admitted as a state: The Unionist northwestern counties of Virginia join the Union as the 35th state, with Wheeling as the capital.
  • 3 Jul 1863, Battle of Gettysburg: Union victory, 1–3 July 1863. Union: George G. Meade. Confederate: Robert E. Lee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 23,049 (22,813–23,049), Confederate 25,500 (23,000–28,063). Lee loses to Meade, Pickett's Charge fails, ends second invasion of North. Confederate army arrived i…
  • 4 Jul 1863, Siege of Vicksburg: Union victory, 18 May – 4 July 1863. Union: Ulysses S. Grant. Confederate: John C. Pemberton. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 4,835, Confederate 32,697. The siege ends; Grant accepts surrender of second Confederate army under Pemberton.
  • 9 Jul 1863, Siege of Port Hudson: Union victory, 21 May – 9 July 1863. Union: Nathaniel P. Banks. Confederate: Franklin Gardner. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 5,000 (4,362–5,000), Confederate 7,208 (6,963–7,500). Last Confederate stronghold on Mississippi surrenders; Gardner surrenders to Banks.
  • 13 Jul 1863, New York City draft riots: Four days of rioting against conscription turn into attacks on Black New Yorkers; at least 119 people die before troops from Gettysburg restore order.
  • 20 Sep 1863, Battle of Chickamauga: Confederate victory, 18–20 September 1863. Union: William Rosecrans; George H. Thomas; Thomas L. Crittenden; Alexander McCook; Gordon Granger. Confederate: Braxton Bragg; James Longstreet; Leonidas Polk. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 16,170 (16,170–16,179), Confederate 18,…
  • 19 Nov 1863, Gettysburg Address: At the dedication of the soldiers' cemetery Lincoln speaks for two minutes: a "new birth of freedom" and "government of the people, by the people, for the people".
  • 24 Nov 1863, Battle of Lookout Mountain: Union victory, 24 November 1863. Union: Joseph Hooker. Confederate: Carter L. Stevenson. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 671, Confederate 1,251. Joseph Hooker takes Lookout Mountain in the "Battle Above the Clouds". Note: combined with the Battle of Missionary Ridge as Chatt…
  • 25 Nov 1863, Battle of Missionary Ridge: Union victory, 25 November 1863. Union: Ulysses S. Grant; George Henry Thomas; William Tecumseh Sherman. Confederate: Braxton Bragg; John C. Breckinridge; William J. Hardee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 5,153 (5,144–5,153), Confederate 5,416 (5,416–5,419). Grant routs Bra…
  • 9 Mar 1864, Grant made general-in-chief: Ulysses S. Grant is promoted to lieutenant general and given command of all Union armies; he plans simultaneous offensives against Lee in Virginia and Johnston in Georgia.
  • 8 Apr 1864, Battle of Mansfield: Confederate victory, 8 April 1864. Union: Nathaniel P. Banks. Confederate: Richard Taylor. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 2,235 (2,117–2,900), Confederate 1,000 (900–1,500). Banks Union Red River Campaign halted by the Confederates.
  • 7 May 1864, Battle of the Wilderness: Inconclusive, 5–7 May 1864. Union: Ulysses S. Grant; George G. Meade; Winfield S. Hancock; Gouverneur K. Warren; John Sedgwick; Philip Sheridan; Ambrose E. Burnside. Confederate: Robert E. Lee; James Longstreet; Richard S. Ewell; A. P. Hill; J. E. B. Stuart. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or c…
  • 21 May 1864, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House: Inconclusive, 8–21 May 1864. Union: Ulysses S. Grant; George Meade; John Sedgwick. Confederate: Robert E. Lee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 18,399, Confederate 12,687 (9,000–12,687). Grant and Lee meet inconclusively, Grant writes to Halleck "I propose to fight it out on…
  • 12 Jun 1864, Battle of Cold Harbor: Confederate victory, 31 May – 12 June 1864. Union: Ulysses S. Grant; George G. Meade. Confederate: Robert E. Lee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 12,738 (12,738–14,932), Confederate 5,287 (4,847–5,287). Lee repulses Grant, Confederate soldier says "We felt it was murder, not…
  • 18 Jun 1864, Second Battle of Petersburg: Confederate victory, 15–18 June 1864. Union: Ulysses S. Grant; George G. Meade; Benjamin Butler. Confederate: Robert E. Lee; P. G. T. Beauregard. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 11,386 (8,150–11,386), Confederate 4,000 (2,974–4,752). Lee repulses Grant at back door to Richmo…
  • 30 Jul 1864, Battle of the Crater: Confederate victory, 30 July 1864. Union: Ambrose E. Burnside; James H. Ledlie. Confederate: Robert E. Lee; P. G. T. Beauregard; William Mahone. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 3,798, Confederate 1,491. Lee defeats Burnside.
  • 23 Aug 1864, Battle of Mobile Bay: Union victory, 2–23 August 1864. Union: David Farragut; Gordon Granger. Confederate: Franklin Buchanan; Richard L. Page. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 328 (327–328), Confederate 1,622 (1,500–1,622). David Farragut takes port, says "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead".
  • 1 Sep 1864, Battle of Jonesborough: Union victory, 31 August – 1 September 1864. Union: William T. Sherman; Oliver Otis Howard; George H. Thomas. Confederate: John Bell Hood; William J. Hardee; Stephen D. Lee. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 1,449 (1,149–1,453), Confederate 3,350 (2,000–3,600). William J. Hard…
  • 19 Sep 1864, Third Battle of Winchester: Union victory, 19 September 1864. Union: Philip Sheridan; Horatio Wright; William H. Emory; George Crook; Alfred T. A. Torbert. Confederate: Jubal Early; John C. Breckinridge; Fitzhugh Lee; John Gordon. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 5,018 (5,018–5,020), Confederate 4,015 (…
  • 19 Oct 1864, Battle of Cedar Creek: Union victory, 19 October 1864. Union: Philip Sheridan; Horatio Wright; William H. Emory; George Crook; Alfred T.A. Torbert. Confederate: Jubal Early; John Gordon; Stephen D. Ramseur; Joseph B. Kershaw; Gabriel C. Wharton. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 5,665 (5,665–5,672),…
  • 23 Oct 1864, Battle of Westport: Union victory, 23 October 1864. Union: Samuel R. Curtis. Confederate: Sterling Price. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 1,500 (500–1,500), Confederate 1,500 (492–1,500). Union forces win decisive battle to take control of Missouri.
  • 8 Nov 1864, Lincoln re-elected: Helped by the fall of Atlanta and Sheridan's victories, Lincoln beats George B. McClellan with 55% of the vote and 212 of 233 electoral votes; the war will go on to the end.
  • 30 Nov 1864, Battle of Franklin: Union victory, 30 November 1864. Union: John Schofield; David S. Stanley. Confederate: John Bell Hood. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 2,326 (2,326–2,633), Confederate 6,252 (5,983–7,300). Hood attacks Schofield but suffers crushing losses; Pickett's Charge of the West.
  • 16 Dec 1864, Battle of Nashville: Union victory, 15–16 December 1864. Union: George H. Thomas. Confederate: John Bell Hood. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 3,061, Confederate 6,000 (4,462–6,500). Thomas attacks and virtually destroys Hood's Confederate Army of Tennessee.
  • 15 Jan 1865, Second Battle of Fort Fisher: Union victory, 13–15 January 1865. Union: Alfred H. Terry; David D. Porter. Confederate: Braxton Bragg; William H.C. Whiting; Robert Hoke; William Lamb. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 1,057 (955–1,332), Confederate 2,483 (1,900–2,583). Union takes fort.
  • 31 Jan 1865, Congress passes the Thirteenth Amendment: The House of Representatives passes the amendment abolishing slavery, 119 to 56, and sends it to the states.
  • 21 Mar 1865, Battle of Bentonville: Union victory, 19–21 March 1865. Union: William T. Sherman. Confederate: Joseph E. Johnston; Braxton Bragg. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 1,527, Confederate 2,606. Sherman defeats Confederates.
  • 25 Mar 1865, Battle of Fort Stedman: Union victory, 25 March 1865. Union: John G. Parke. Confederate: John B. Gordon. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 1,044 (1,017–1,044), Confederate 4,000 (2,681–4,000). Lee attempts to break siege.
  • 1 Apr 1865, Battle of Five Forks: Union victory, 1 April 1865. Union: Philip Sheridan; Gouverneur K. Warren. Confederate: George Pickett. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 830, Confederate 2,950 (2,950–3,000). Sheridan routs Confederates.
  • 2 Apr 1865, Third Battle of Petersburg: Union victory, 2 April 1865. Union: Ulysses S. Grant; George Meade; Horatio Wright; Edward Ord. Confederate: Robert E. Lee; A. P. Hill. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 3,936 (3,500–3,936), Confederate 5,000 (4,250–5,000). Grant defeats Lee.
  • 9 Apr 1865, Appomattox Court House: Lee surrenders: Union victory, 9 April 1865. Union: Ulysses S. Grant; George G. Meade; Philip Sheridan; Edward O.C. Ord. Confederate: Robert E. Lee; Henry L. Benning; John B. Gordon; James Longstreet. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 164, Confederate 500. Lee's forces surrounded. He subseque…
  • 9 Apr 1865, Battle of Fort Blakeley: Union victory, 9 April 1865. Union: Edward Canby; Frederick Steele. Confederate: St. John R. Liddell. Casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured): Union 629 (629–775), Confederate 2,900 (2,900–3,700). Union forces capture fort east of Mobile.
  • 14 Apr 1865, Lincoln shot at Ford's Theatre: John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln during a play; the president dies the next morning, the first American president to be assassinated. Andrew Johnson becomes president.
  • 26 Apr 1865, Johnston surrenders at Bennett Place: Joseph E. Johnston surrenders some 89,000 Confederate soldiers in the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida to William T. Sherman near Durham Station, North Carolina: the largest surrender of the war.
  • 4 May 1865, Taylor surrenders at Citronelle: Richard Taylor surrenders the Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi and eastern Louisiana to Edward Canby.
  • 10 May 1865, Jefferson Davis captured: Union cavalry capture the fleeing Confederate president near Irwinville, Georgia. He is held at Fort Monroe for two years and never tried.
  • 2 Jun 1865, Kirby Smith surrenders the Trans-Mississippi: Edmund Kirby Smith signs the surrender terms agreed at New Orleans on 26 May aboard the USS Fort Jackson off Galveston, ending Confederate resistance west of the Mississippi.
  • 19 Jun 1865, Juneteenth: freedom proclaimed in Texas: Gordon Granger's General Order No. 3 at Galveston tells the enslaved people of Texas that they are free, two and a half years after the Emancipation Proclamation.
  • 23 Jun 1865, Stand Watie surrenders: Brigadier General Stand Watie, Cherokee leader of the Confederacy's Indian troops, surrenders at Doaksville in the Choctaw Nation: the last Confederate general to lay down arms.
  • 6 Dec 1865, Thirteenth Amendment ratified: Georgia's ratification brings the amendment to the three-quarters needed: slavery is abolished throughout the United States (proclaimed on 18 December).

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