The Wars of the Roses, 1455–1487

Timeline

Layers

Lancastrian: Henry VI's crown and its lords · Yorkist: York, Edward IV, Richard III · Warwick and Clarence (1469–70) · Risings against the king (Lincolnshire 1470, Buckingham 1483) · Tudor: Henry VII · Kingdom of Scotland · Richard, Duke of York — route · Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the Kingmaker) — route · King Henry VI — route · Courtenay, Earl of Devon — route · Lord Bonville — route · Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury — route · Margaret of Anjou — route · Lord Audley's Cheshire army (1459) — route · York & Rutland flee to Ireland — route · Edward of March, King Edward IV — route · The Beaufort dukes of Somerset — route · Lord Fauconberg and his Bastard — route · The Percy earls of Northumberland — route · Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke — route · Duke of Norfolk's East Anglians — route · Edward IV's army (Towton 1461) — route · Lord Clifford's raid on Ferrybridge — route · John Neville, Lord Montagu — route · William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke — route · Sir Richard Herbert — route · Seigneur de Graville's French (wrecked off Holy Island) — route · Earl of Kent & Lord Scales: siege of Alnwick — route · Earl of Worcester & Sir Ralph Grey: siege of Dunstanburgh — route · Brézé & Earl of Angus: relief of Alnwick — route · Scottish armies — route · Sir Humphrey Neville's ambush near Newcastle — route · Robin of Holderness's rising — route · Robin of Redesdale's rising — route · Warwick's vanguard (Parr, Gate, Clapham) — route · Archbishop George Neville's horsemen (arrest at Olney) — route · Sir Humphrey Neville's Lancastrian rising (1469) — route · Sir Robert Welles (Lincolnshire) — route · Lord Fitzhugh's rising (1470) — route · Earl Rivers's ship (landed at Paull) — route · George, Duke of Clarence — route · John de Vere, Earl of Oxford — route · Warwick's navy under Fauconberg — route · Essex rebels at Aldgate — route · Edward IV's 1,500 sent ahead to London — route · Richard of Gloucester, King Richard III — route · Sir Henry Bodrugan (Cornish levies) — route · Sir John Fortescue's siege force — route · The Stanleys — route · Edward V and Earl Rivers (from Ludlow) — route · Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham — route · Sir Edward Woodville's fleet — route · Northern army summoned to London (Ratcliffe) — route · Kentish rebels (1483) — route · Dorset & the Courtenays (Exeter rising) — route · Henry Tudor, King Henry VII — route · Albany & Douglas raid into Scotland — route · Calais garrison besieging Hammes — route · Francis, Viscount Lovell — route · Rhys ap Thomas — route · John Howard, Duke of Norfolk (East Anglian levies) — route · Sir William Stanley's North Welsh/Cheshire army — route · Sir Robert Brackenbury (London contingent) — route · Hungerford & Bourchier (deserters to Henry) — route · Sir Gilbert Talbot's Shropshire retinue — route · Sir Robert Willoughby's mission to Sheriff Hutton — route · Humphrey & Thomas Stafford's Worcestershire rising — route · John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (Lambert Simnel) — route · Thomas FitzGerald's Irish kerns — route · Lords Scrope of Bolton and Masham (feint on York) — route · Henry, Lord Clifford (York's royalist force) — route · Edward Woodville, Lord Scales (royal light horse) — route · Richard, Duke of York · Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the Kingmaker) · King Henry VI · Courtenay, Earl of Devon · Lord Bonville · Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury · Margaret of Anjou · Lord Audley's Cheshire army (1459) · York & Rutland flee to Ireland · Edward of March, King Edward IV · The Beaufort dukes of Somerset · Lord Fauconberg and his Bastard · The Percy earls of Northumberland · Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke · Duke of Norfolk's East Anglians · Edward IV's army (Towton 1461) · Lord Clifford's raid on Ferrybridge · John Neville, Lord Montagu · William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke · Sir Richard Herbert · Seigneur de Graville's French (wrecked off Holy Island) · Earl of Kent & Lord Scales: siege of Alnwick · Earl of Worcester & Sir Ralph Grey: siege of Dunstanburgh · Brézé & Earl of Angus: relief of Alnwick · Scottish armies · Sir Humphrey Neville's ambush near Newcastle · Robin of Holderness's rising · Robin of Redesdale's rising · Warwick's vanguard (Parr, Gate, Clapham) · Archbishop George Neville's horsemen (arrest at Olney) · Sir Humphrey Neville's Lancastrian rising (1469) · Sir Robert Welles (Lincolnshire) · Lord Fitzhugh's rising (1470) · Earl Rivers's ship (landed at Paull) · George, Duke of Clarence · John de Vere, Earl of Oxford · Warwick's navy under Fauconberg · Essex rebels at Aldgate · Edward IV's 1,500 sent ahead to London · Richard of Gloucester, King Richard III · Sir Henry Bodrugan (Cornish levies) · Sir John Fortescue's siege force · The Stanleys · Edward V and Earl Rivers (from Ludlow) · Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham · Sir Edward Woodville's fleet · Northern army summoned to London (Ratcliffe) · Kentish rebels (1483) · Surrey/Sussex rebels at Guildford · Berkshire rebels at Newbury · Wiltshire rebels at Salisbury · Dorset & the Courtenays (Exeter rising) · Henry Tudor, King Henry VII · Albany & Douglas raid into Scotland · Calais garrison besieging Hammes · Francis, Viscount Lovell · Rhys ap Thomas · John Howard, Duke of Norfolk (East Anglian levies) · Sir William Stanley's North Welsh/Cheshire army · Sir Robert Brackenbury (London contingent) · Hungerford & Bourchier (deserters to Henry) · Sir Gilbert Talbot's Shropshire retinue · Sir Robert Willoughby's mission to Sheriff Hutton · Humphrey & Thomas Stafford's Worcestershire rising · John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (Lambert Simnel) · Thomas FitzGerald's Irish kerns · Lords Scrope of Bolton and Masham (feint on York) · Henry, Lord Clifford (York's royalist force) · Edward Woodville, Lord Scales (royal light horse)

Events

• 22 May 1455, First Battle of St Albans: Street fight round St Peter's Street and the market place; Warwick broke through the back gardens of Holywell Street. Somerset, Northumberland and Clifford were killed and Henry VI captured, giving York control of government. Fewer than 60 killed (Jones).
• 19 Nov 1455, Skirmish at Powderham: Bonville's attempt to relieve the Courtenay siege of Powderham Castle is beaten back; two of his men killed.
• 15 Dec 1455, Battle of Clyst Heath: Climax of the Bonville-Courtenay private war: the Earl of Devon marched out of occupied Exeter and routed Lord Bonville. It brought York (as Protector) to the West Country and Devon to the Tower. Winner coded as Lancaster because Devon later fought for Henry VI.
• 20 Apr 1456, Warwick takes command at Calais: Granted the captaincy in 1455, Warwick takes over the Calais garrison - England's only standing army - once its arrears are paid (DNB: 20 Apr 1456; Wikipedia: July 1456). Calais becomes the Yorkist base until 1460.
• 25 Mar 1458, The "Love Day" procession: After the king's award of 24 March the rival lords walk hand in hand to St Paul's (Warwick with Exeter, York with the queen); the Yorkists pay for masses at St Albans. A brief truce.
• 24 Jun 1459, Great Council at Coventry indicts the Yorkists: York, Salisbury and Warwick are excluded from the council and indicted; both sides arm over the summer (date approximate, June 1459).
• 23 Sep 1459, Battle of Blore Heath: Salisbury, outnumbered, lures Audley's Cheshire horse across the Hempmill Brook and destroys them; Audley killed, Dudley captured. Fought 13:00-17:00 (Gregory). Let Salisbury reach York at Ludlow. Waurin is the only narrative source; Hall's details are late.
• 12 Oct 1459, Rout of Ludford Bridge: No real battle: facing the king in person, Trollope's Calais contingent defects; York, Salisbury, Warwick and March abandon their army in the night and flee to Ireland and Calais. Ludlow is sacked next morning and the Yorkists are attainted at Coventry.
• 13 Oct 1459, Sack of Ludlow: Royal troops plunder York's town and castle; Duchess Cecily and her younger children are taken and given to the Duchess of Buckingham.
• 20 Nov 1459, Parliament of Devils attaints the Yorkists: Coventry parliament attaints York, his sons, Salisbury, Warwick and others; their lands pass to the crown.
• 23 Apr 1460, Fight at Newnham Bridge: Somerset's biggest push from Guînes against Calais is beaten at the bridge of Nieulay; the Calais garrison stays Yorkist.
• 26 Jun 1460, Yorkist earls land at Sandwich: Warwick, Salisbury and March cross from Calais with c. 2,000 men; Kent rises for them. Date disputed (21, 24 or 26 June).
• 2 Jul 1460, London opens its gates to the earls: Mayor Hulin and Archbishop Bourchier receive the Yorkists.
• 10 Jul 1460, Battle of Northampton: Warwick and March storm the royal camp in the meadows between Hardingstone and Delapré Abbey in heavy rain; Lord Grey of Ruthin lets them in. Buckingham, Shrewsbury, Beaumont and Egremont killed; Henry VI captured and taken to London.
• 10 Oct 1460, York claims the throne: York enters Westminster Hall with his sword borne upright and lays his hand on the empty throne; the lords refuse to acclaim him. Formal claim 16 Oct.
• 31 Oct 1460, Act of Accord: Henry VI keeps the crown for life; York and his heirs succeed, disinheriting Prince Edward. Margaret refuses and rallies the north.
• 16 Dec 1460, Skirmish at Worksop: Somerset's men surprise York's scouts near Worksop. At most a minor skirmish that did not slow York; date 16 or 21 Dec. (Site or date disputed.)
• 30 Dec 1460, Battle of Wakefield: York, Rutland and Salisbury are caught near Wakefield while their men forage; York and Rutland killed, Salisbury beheaded at Pontefract. Date (29/30 Dec) and site (traditional meadow below Sandal vs north of Wakefield near Stanley) disputed; Grummitt & Dawson (2025) call it an ambush, not a battle.…
• 2 Jan 1461, Heads on Micklegate Bar: York's head, crowned with paper, is set over the gate of York with Salisbury's and Rutland's; Edward takes it down on 30 March 1461. Date approximate.
• 2 Feb 1461, Battle of Mortimer's Cross: Edward of March, 18, routs Jasper Tudor's Welsh-Irish-French army on the Lugg; Owen Tudor is beheaded at Hereford. Date 2 Feb (preferred) or 3 Feb; the BT survey (2018-22) puts the core of the action near West Town, Kingsland (-2.8231, 52.2479), south of the traditional site. (Site or date disputed.…
• 16 Feb 1461, Skirmish at Dunstable: The northern army's swerve west overwhelms Warwick's outpost at Dunstable, led by the town butcher, who later hanged himself for shame (Gregory).
• 17 Feb 1461, Second Battle of St Albans: After a night march from Dunstable the Lancastrians storm St Albans, then roll up Warwick's north-facing line on Bernards Heath. Henry VI is recovered; Bonville and Kyriell executed. Warwick escapes west. Timings vary: dawn attack on the town; main fighting from c. 13:00 to dusk (Milanese letter).
• 17 Feb 1461, London shuts its gates to Margaret: The gates are kept "practically closed"; Londoners seize the carts of victuals the mayor sends to the queen; her knights are refused entry at Westminster.
• 4 Mar 1461, Edward proclaimed King Edward IV: After acclamation in St John's Field and a council at Baynard's Castle (3 Mar), Edward takes the throne at Westminster and dates his reign from 4 March.
• 28 Mar 1461, Battle of Ferrybridge: Clifford's dawn attack on the Yorkist bridging party kills Lord Fitzwalter and wounds Warwick; Edward forces the crossing, partly by Fauconberg's ford at Castleford. 28 March (Gregory, tradition) vs 29 March (Sutherland 2010). (Site or date disputed.)
• 28 Mar 1461, Skirmish at Dintingdale: Clifford is overtaken and killed short of the Lancastrian lines. Place-name only in Hall; coordinates approximate (Saxton). (Site or date disputed.)
• 29 Mar 1461, Battle of Towton: Palm Sunday battle in a snowstorm on the plateau between Saxton and Towton - the largest and bloodiest of the wars. Norfolk's late arrival breaks the Lancastrian left; Northumberland, Clifford, Dacre, Welles and Trollope die. Edward's crown is secured. (HE registered battlefield NGR SE 47858 36728 l…
• 25 Apr 1461, Berwick handed to the Scots: Henry VI and Margaret surrender Berwick to Scotland, the price of Mary of Guelders's support.
• 25 Apr 1461, Berwick surrendered to the Scots: Margaret handed Berwick to Scotland in Henry VI's name as the price of Scottish support.
• 18 Jun 1461, Relief of Carlisle: Montagu raised the Lancastrian-Scottish siege of Carlisle; London heard that 6,000 Scots were killed. Date approximate (mid-June 1461). (Site or date disputed.)
• 28 Jun 1461, Coronation of Edward IV: Edward IV crowned at Westminster.
• 28 Jun 1461, Coronation of Edward IV: Edward IV crowned in Westminster Abbey.
• 30 Sep 1461, Pembroke Castle surrenders: Sir John Scudamore surrendered to Herbert; four-year-old Henry Tudor passed into Herbert's custody.
• 16 Oct 1461, Battle of Twt Hill: Herbert beat Jasper Tudor and the Duke of Exeter just outside Caernarfon, ending organised Lancastrian resistance in Wales except at Harlech. (Coordinates: Twthill district, OSM.)
• 25 Oct 1462, Margaret lands at Bamburgh: Margaret, Henry VI and Brézé land with c. 800 French; Bamburgh, Alnwick and Dunstanburgh go over to Henry.
• 14 Nov 1462, Fight on Lindisfarne: Shipwrecked French under Graville, holed up in the church on Holy Island, were killed or captured by John Manners and the Bastard of Ogle. Date approximate. (Site or date disputed.)
• 28 Dec 1462, Somerset submits to Edward IV: After Bamburgh's surrender Somerset and Sir Ralph Percy swore allegiance to Edward at Durham.
• 5 Jan 1463, Stand-off at Alnwick: Brézé and Angus arrived with a larger army; Warwick drew back, the Scots refused battle and evacuated the starving garrison; the remnant surrendered next day.
• 26 Jul 1463, Siege of Norham Castle: After an 18-day siege by the Scots with Henry and Margaret, Warwick and Montagu relieved Norham and chased the Scots across the border. Day approximate (late July). (Site or date disputed.)
• 31 Jul 1463, Margaret sails from Bamburgh to Sluys: Margaret, the prince, Brézé, Exeter, Fortescue and others sailed "in iiij balynggarys" to Sluys; she never returned to Britain until 1471.
• 9 Dec 1463, Anglo-Scottish truce signed at York: Truce on land from 16 Dec 1463 to 31 Oct 1464; Scotland abandons the Lancastrians.
• 12 Dec 1463, Somerset defects back to Henry VI: Somerset fled Wales to join Henry at Bamburgh; nearly taken in bed near Durham.
• 25 Apr 1464, Battle of Hedgeley Moor: Montagu, on his way to fetch the Scottish envoys, broke Somerset's army on St Mark's Day; Sir Ralph Percy died in a last stand (Percy's Cross).
• 1 May 1464, Edward IV marries Elizabeth Woodville: Secret May-Day wedding on the march north; it later drove Warwick to rebellion.
• 15 May 1464, Battle of Hexham: Montagu surprised Somerset's camp near Hexham and routed it into the Devil's Water/Tyne; Somerset, Hungerford, Roos and ~30 leaders executed. Site disputed (Linnels per Scofield; Wikipedia 54.97,-2.10; the Levels 54.9436,-2.0763). (Site or date disputed.)
• 25 Jun 1464, Siege of Bamburgh Castle: First English castle reduced by gunfire: the great guns breached Bamburgh and it was stormed; Grey executed at Doncaster 10 Jul.
• 13 Jul 1465, Henry VI captured: Betrayed at Waddington Hall and taken at the Brungerley stepping-stones on the Ribble.
• 24 Jul 1465, Henry VI led to the Tower: Warwick met him at Islington; led through Cheapside to the Tower.
• 20 Jul 1468, Rout of Jasper Tudor (Conwy valley): Richard Herbert scattered Jasper Tudor's raiders after they had burned Denbigh; twenty were beheaded. Place (Nant Conwy) and date approximate. (Site or date disputed.)
• 14 Aug 1468, Harlech surrenders: David ap Ieuan ap Einion surrendered; 50 prisoners to the Tower. Herbert made Earl of Pembroke 8 Sep.
• 20 May 1469, Rout of Robin of Holderness: Montagu (Earl of Northumberland) routed the Holderness rising at the gates of York and beheaded its leader. Date approximate (May 1469). (Site or date disputed.)
• 11 Jul 1469, Clarence marries Isabel Neville at Calais: Archbishop Neville married Clarence and Warwick's daughter in defiance of the king; next day the rebels' open letter called their friends to Canterbury.
• 22 Jul 1469, Skirmish near Northampton: The rebels beat off an attack by Pembroke's cavalry near Northampton woodland before Edgecote (Historic England). Date approximate. (Site or date disputed.)
• 24 Jul 1469, Battle of Edgecote Moor: Robin of Redesdale's northerners, reinforced by Warwick's vanguard, destroyed Pembroke's Welsh army on Danes Moor; Pembroke and his brother were beheaded and the king fell into Warwick's hands. Date 24 Jul (Wikipedia, Coventry Leet Book, Hicks) or 26 Jul (Warkworth, Historic England); Historic Engla…
• 31 Jul 1469, Edward IV taken prisoner at Olney: Deserted by his men after Edgecote, the king was arrested by Archbishop Neville (date approximate).
• 13 Oct 1469, Edward IV returns to London: Freed by Warwick, the king rode into London with a thousand horse.
• 12 Mar 1470, Battle of Losecoat Field (Empingham): Edward routed Sir Robert Welles's Lincolnshire rebels near Empingham after beheading Lord Welles and Dymmock; captured papers exposed Clarence and Warwick.
• 12 Apr 1470, Fight off Southampton: Lord Scales beat off Warwick's attempt to seize his great ship Trinity at Southampton, taking several ships and men (later impaled by Worcester). Date approximate. (Site or date disputed.)
• 16 Apr 1470, Calais refuses Warwick: Lord Duras and the garrison fired on Warwick's ships; his daughter's child died at sea (date approximate).
• 13 Sep 1470, Warwick and Clarence land in Devon: Landed after dark at Dartmouth and Plymouth and proclaimed Henry VI.
• 27 Sep 1470, Montagu defects to Warwick: Montagu turned his army against Edward near Doncaster.
• 29 Sep 1470, Edward IV flees from Lynn: Took ship on Michaelmas Day with Gloucester, Hastings, Rivers and Say (Warkworth); some give 2 Oct.
• 3 Oct 1470, Henry VI released from the Tower (Readeption): Henry VI is taken out of the Tower (3 Oct per Wikipedia; Warwick enters London and frees/escorts him on 6 Oct) and lodged at the Bishop of London's palace by St Paul's.
• 6 Oct 1470, Henry VI restored (Readeption): Warwick entered London and led Henry VI from the Tower; recrowned at St Paul's on 13 Oct; the readeption was dated from Michaelmas.
• 14 Mar 1471, Edward IV lands at Ravenspur: Edward lands at the same place as Henry Bolingbroke in 1399, claiming only his duchy of York. Gloucester lands 4 miles away, Rivers at Paull.
• 26 Mar 1471, Newark scare (Lancastrian flight from Newark): No fighting: Edward's fore-riders appeared before Newark in the evening of the 25th and Exeter and Oxford fled at 2 a.m., losing part of their 4,000 men; Edward had advanced to within 3 miles.
• 29 Mar 1471, Warwick shut in Coventry: Warwick refuses battle before Coventry's walls for three days and again on 5 April.
• 3 Apr 1471, Clarence rejoins Edward on the Banbury road: Choreographed reconciliation between the two hosts 3 miles from Warwick; Clarence brings c. 4,000 men over.
• 11 Apr 1471, London opens to Edward IV: The city admits Edward without resistance; Henry VI and Archbishop Neville are taken to the Tower.
• 14 Apr 1471, Battle of Barnet: Easter Sunday, in thick mist from about 4-5 a.m.: the misaligned lines each turned a flank; Oxford's returning men were mistaken for enemies and attacked Montagu, "treason!" broke the Lancastrian line. Warwick and Montagu were killed; Edward was back at St Paul's the same day. Site still unlocated (…
• 14 Apr 1471, Margaret of Anjou lands at Weymouth: Margaret and Prince Edward land on the day of Barnet.
• 2 May 1471, Skirmish at Chipping Sodbury: Lancastrian harbingers in Sodbury town surprised 5-6 of Edward's quartermasters - cover for the army's turn north to Berkeley.
• 3 May 1471, Gloucester shuts its gates to Margaret: At 10 a.m. Richard Beauchamp refuses entry and so denies the Severn bridge; a sally captures Lancastrian guns.
• 4 May 1471, Battle of Tewkesbury: Margaret's exhausted army stood in hedged closes south of the town. Gloucester's guns and archers provoked Somerset into a flank attack that was beaten back and caught by 200 hidden spears; the Lancastrian centre collapsed, Prince Edward was killed and many drowned in the Swilgate/Mill Avon. It ende…
• 4 May 1471, Prince Edward of Lancaster killed: "Edward, called Prince, was taken, fleeing to the town-wards, and slain, in the field" (Arrivall). Buried in Tewkesbury Abbey.
• 12 May 1471, Fight at London Bridge (first assault): First, probing attack on the bridge; the Great Stone Gate burned but the drawbridge held.
• 14 May 1471, Assault on London (Siege of London 1471): Fauconberg bombarded the City from Southwark and attacked London Bridge, Aldgate and Bishopsgate from 11 a.m.; sallies by the Earl of Essex, Rivers and the Tower garrison routed the rebels (at least 300 dead).
• 21 May 1471, Henry VI dies in the Tower: Henry VI dies the night of Edward's return (Arrivall: 23 May, of "pure displeasure and melancholy"); almost certainly murdered. Body shown at St Paul's, buried at Chertsey.
• 2 Sep 1471, Jasper and Henry Tudor sail from Tenby: Jasper and the 14-year-old Henry sail for France and are blown to Brittany (date disputed: 2 June or late Aug/Sept 1471).
• 30 Sep 1473, Oxford seizes St Michael's Mount: Oxford and Beaumont take the Mount (397 men) and are besieged first by Bodrugan, then by Fortescue.
• 15 Feb 1474, Siege of St Michael's Mount: Oxford held the Mount for 4.5 months (30 Sep 1473 - 15 Feb 1474); Fortescue's blockade, guns and pardons emptied the garrison.
• 29 Aug 1475, Treaty of Picquigny: Edward and Louis XI meet on the bridge at Picquigny: seven-year truce, 75,000 crowns down and 50,000 a year; the army goes home.
• 21 Jul 1482, Lauder Bridge: James III seized by his lords: Scottish nobles hang the King's favourites and take James III back to Edinburgh (22 July).
• 24 Aug 1482, Siege of Berwick Castle: After a month's siege the Scottish garrison yielded Berwick castle on 24 August 1482 (alt. 23 or 26 Aug); Berwick has been English ever since.
• 24 Aug 1482, Berwick Castle surrenders: Berwick returns to England for good.
• 9 Apr 1483, Edward IV dies at Westminster: Edward IV dies; his 12-year-old son at Ludlow becomes Edward V.
• 30 Apr 1483, Arrest of Rivers at Northampton / seizure at Stony Stratford: No fighting: Gloucester and Buckingham arrested Rivers at Northampton and Grey and Vaughan at Stony Stratford, dismissed the 2,000-man escort and took the King.
• 13 Jun 1483, Hastings executed at the Tower: At a council in the Tower Gloucester accuses Hastings of treason; beheaded on Tower Green the same day; Morton and Rotherham arrested.
• 26 Jun 1483, Richard III accedes: Petitioned at Baynard's Castle on 25 June, Richard takes the throne in Westminster Hall on 26 June (Croyland: 20 June).
• 6 Jul 1483, Coronation of Richard III and Anne Neville: Crowned in Westminster Abbey.
• 18 Oct 1483, Buckingham raises his standard at Brecon: Simultaneous risings planned on 18 October: Brecon, Kent, Guildford, Newbury, Salisbury, Exeter.
• 2 Nov 1483, Buckingham executed at Salisbury: Betrayed by Ralph Banastre in Shropshire, brought to Salisbury and beheaded in the market place on a Sunday.
• 22 Jul 1484, Battle of Lochmaben Fair: Albany and Douglas, exiles riding from England with Richard's licence, are routed by Scottish loyalists at Lochmaben fair; Douglas is captured. Their failure helped bring the Scots to the Nottingham truce of September 1484.
• 5 Nov 1484, Oxford escapes from Hammes with his gaoler Blount: After Richard's order of 28 Oct to bring him to England, Oxford, Sir James Blount and Sir John Fortescue ride to Henry; Hammes declares for Henry (date approximate).
• 7 Aug 1485, Henry Tudor lands at Mill Bay: Henry, Jasper Tudor, Oxford and c. 2,000 French mercenaries land unopposed at sunset near Dale.
• 16 Aug 1485, Rhys ap Thomas joins Henry at Long Mountain: Richard's lieutenant in West Wales brings the South Welsh levies; Henry's army reaches c. 5,000.
• 21 Aug 1485, Henry meets the Stanleys at Atherstone; Savage, Sandford, Digby defect: Council of war with Lord Stanley and Sir William; before evening Sir John Savage, Brian Sandford and Simon Digby desert Richard with picked men (Vergil).
• 22 Aug 1485, Battle of Bosworth: Oxford's compact battle beats Norfolk's vanguard astride the Fenn Lanes; Richard's mounted charge at Henry is crushed when Sir William Stanley intervenes, Northumberland never engages, and Richard is killed in the marsh. The last English king killed in battle; the Tudor dynasty begins. Contemporary…
• 22 Aug 1485, Henry proclaimed king on Crown Hill: Acclaimed on the hill near Stoke Golding; Lord Stanley sets Richard's circlet on his head (Vergil).
• 3 Sep 1485, Henry VII enters London: Met at Shoreditch; offers three standards at St Paul's. Great Chronicle dates the reception 27 Aug.
• 30 Oct 1485, Coronation of Henry VII: Crowned in Westminster Abbey by Cardinal Bourchier.
• 18 Jan 1486, Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York: The union of Lancaster and York at Westminster.
• 20 Apr 1486, Henry VII enters York: Richard III's city welcomes the new king with pageants while Lovell's rising collapses in the North Riding.
• 19 Mar 1487, Lincoln flees to Burgundy: Richard III's designated heir goes to Margaret of York at Mechelen (19 Mar per Wikipedia).
• 24 May 1487, Lambert Simnel crowned 'Edward VI' in Dublin: Crowned in Christ Church Cathedral; an Irish parliament is summoned in his name.
• 4 Jun 1487, Rebels land in Furness: Landing at Piel Island/Foulney (4 or 5 Jun); Sir Thomas Broughton joins; court held at Piel Castle.
• 10 Jun 1487, Night attack at Tadcaster (Bramham Moor): From their camp on Bramham Moor, Lovell's 2,000 surprise Lord Clifford's 400 royalists at Tadcaster by night and rout them back to York. Time approximate.
• 12 Jun 1487, Skirmishes in Sherwood (Doncaster to Nottingham): Three days of running fights between Lord Scales's royal horse and Lincoln's army from outside Doncaster through Sherwood; Scales falls back to Nottingham. Marker placed at Ollerton (central Sherwood) - location inferred.
• 12 Jun 1487, Attack on Bootham Bar, York: The Scropes of Bolton and Masham assault York's north gate in Simnel's name; repulsed, they withdraw north and draw Northumberland's army after them. Date 12 Jun (Wikipedia) or 11 Jun (VCH York). (Site or date disputed.)
• 16 Jun 1487, Battle of Stoke Field: Lincoln's Germans, Irish and English Yorkists charge Oxford's vanguard from the ridge SW of East Stoke; after three hours the royal archers and reinforcements break them and they are slaughtered in the Red Gutter by the Trent. Lincoln, Schwartz and FitzGerald killed, Simnel captured: the last battle…
• 16 Jun 1487, Lambert Simnel captured: Taken by Robert Bellingham, esquire of the household; spared and set to work in the royal kitchen.