https://www.movingpolygons.com/ weekly 1.0 https://www.movingpolygons.com/explore daily 0.8 https://www.movingpolygons.com/how-it-works monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/education monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/guess-the-year daily 0.8 https://www.movingpolygons.com/shop weekly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/create monthly 0.8 https://www.movingpolygons.com/create-with-ai monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/pricing monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/about monthly 0.4 https://www.movingpolygons.com/contact monthly 0.4 https://www.movingpolygons.com/privacy yearly 0.2 https://www.movingpolygons.com/terms yearly 0.2 https://www.movingpolygons.com/cookies yearly 0.2 https://www.movingpolygons.com/maps/world-history weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/maps/europe weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/maps/the-netherlands weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/maps/the-americas weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/maps/ancient-and-medieval weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/maps/wars-and-conflicts weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/maps/nature-and-climate weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/maps/epidemics-and-health weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/maps/society-and-culture weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/maps/fantasy-worlds weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/500-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/323-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/218-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/44-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/117 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/395 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/476 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/565 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/732 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/814 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/europe/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/500-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/323-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/218-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/44-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/117 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/395 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/476 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/565 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/732 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/814 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mediterranean/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/500-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/323-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/218-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/44-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/117 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/395 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/476 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/565 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/732 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/814 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/mena/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/500-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/323-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/218-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/44-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/117 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/395 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/476 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/565 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/732 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/814 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/africa/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/218-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/44-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/117 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/395 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/476 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/565 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/732 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/814 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/central-asia/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/500-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/323-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/218-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/44-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/117 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/395 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/476 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/565 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/732 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/814 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-asia/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/500-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/323-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/218-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/44-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/117 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/395 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/476 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/565 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/732 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/814 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/east-asia/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/395 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/476 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/565 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/732 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/814 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/southeast-asia/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/north-america/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/south-america/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/americas/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/500-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/323-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/218-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/44-bc yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/117 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/395 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/476 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/565 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/732 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/814 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1066 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1099 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1206 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1279 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1346 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1453 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1492 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1519 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1648 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1683 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1713 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1763 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1776 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1789 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1812 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1815 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1848 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1861 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1871 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1885 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1914 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1919 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1923 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1938 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1942 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1945 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1949 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1961 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1989 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/1991 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/atlas/world/2024 yearly 0.5 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog weekly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/dutch-windmills-and-pumping-stations-map-1400-2026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/life-expectancy-in-europe-map-1945-2024 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/dutch-election-results-by-municipality-map-1937-2025 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/american-civil-war-map-1861-1865 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/co2-emissions-vs-gdp-per-capita-map-1850-2022 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/napoleon-rise-and-fall-map-1793-1821 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/protected-animals-netherlands-map-1880-2026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/sinterklaas-to-santa-claus-history-map-343-2026 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/aral-sea-disappearance-map-1960-2026 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/ireland-shipwrecks-and-lighthouses-map-1588-2026 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/los-angeles-urban-sprawl-map-1781-2020 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/north-america-atlantic-coast-shipwrecks-and-lighthouses-map-1715-2026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/north-sea-shipwrecks-and-lighthouses-map-1593-2026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/rise-and-fall-of-the-mongols-1162-1783 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/south-africa-history-map-1488-2026 2026-11-08 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/asian-tiger-mosquito-spread-europe-map-1979-2026 2026-11-06 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/gregorian-calendar-adoption-map-1582-1923 2026-11-06 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/italian-maritime-republics-map-1000-1797 2026-11-06 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/north-sea-baltic-offshore-wind-farms-map-1991-2026 2026-11-06 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/sweden-moose-and-reindeer-migration-map-one-year 2026-11-06 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/wolves-return-to-europe-map-1970-2026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/punic-wars-map-264-146-bc 2026-11-04 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/spread-of-christianity-map-30-2025 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/the-rings-of-power-seasons-1-2-map 2026-11-12 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/asian-hornet-spread-europe-map-2004-2026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/dance-of-the-dragons-map-fire-and-blood-129-131-ac 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/middle-earth-the-hobbit-to-the-grey-havens 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/mongol-empire-map-1206-1368 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/netherlands-land-reclamation-history-map-500-bc-2026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/scramble-for-africa-map-1870-1914 2026-11-12 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/sengoku-period-unification-of-japan-map-1560-1615 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/witcher-northern-wars-map-1239-1268 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/serbia-and-yugoslavia-history-map-1804-2026 2026-10-29 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/game-of-thrones-war-map-seasons-1-8 2026-10-24 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/rampjaar-1672-william-iii-louis-xiv-map-1650-1715 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/dutch-cities-growth-map-1300-2025 2026-10-23 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/dutch-colonial-empire-map-1588-2026 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/eighty-years-war-map-1568-1648 2026-10-23 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/europe-forest-cover-history-map-1400-2025 2026-10-23 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/mammoth-and-elephant-range-map-ice-age-to-today 2026-11-12 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/wine-beer-vodka-belts-europe-map-1800-2026 2026-10-23 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/tapestry-map-style 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/wars-of-the-roses-1455-1487 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/brabant-through-time-57-bc-2026 2026-11-12 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/friesland-through-the-ages-12-bc-2019 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/gelre-and-gelderland-ad-100-2026 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/arctic-antarctic-sea-ice-map-1979-2026 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/ebola-outbreak-dr-congo-2026-map 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/making-of-the-united-states-1492-2025 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/holy-roman-empire-962-1990 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/south-america-1808-2026 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/spanish-and-portuguese-america-1492-1826 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/british-empire-map-1600-1997 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/england-on-the-continent-1066-1558 2026-11-12 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/the-making-of-england-600-1071 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/covid-19-pandemic-map-2019-2023 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/russia-ukraine-war-2014-2026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/europe-1815-1914-empires-and-nation-states 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/world-war-ii-in-europe-1939-1945 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/the-great-war-1914-1919 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/particle-view 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/the-ottoman-empire-1299-1923 2026-11-12 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/rome-from-republic-to-fall-of-constantinople 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/community-library-and-polygon-reuse 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/export-gif-and-embed-your-maps 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/welcome-to-moving-polygons 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/swedish-empire-dynasties-territories 2026-11-12 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/ai-generated-maps 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/burgundian-state-revolt-republic 2026-11-14 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/the-black-death-1346-1353 2026-11-11 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/brazil-from-colony-to-empire 2026-11-15 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/the-hanseatic-league 2026-11-12 monthly 0.6 https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/eighty-years-war-in-the-low-countries-15811648 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/eighty-years-war-in-the-low-countries-15811648 Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries, 1568–1648 The Dutch Revolt against Spanish Habsburg rule, from Louis of Nassau's invasion and the battle of Heiligerlee (May 1568) to the Peace of Münster (1648), shown only for the Low Countries and their immediate borderlands in France and western Germany. The Thirty Years' War in Germany is deliberately left out; German places appear only where the Dutch-Spanish war itself was fought (Lingen, Rheinberg, Wesel, Schenkenschans, Jülich). Background (1566–1568): the Compromise of Nobles and the Iconoclastic Fury (1566) brought the Duke of Alba and his tercios (1567); Egmont and Horne were beheaded in June 1568, two weeks after Heiligerlee. From there the map tells the story: the Sea Beggars at Brielle (1572) and the rising of Holland and Zeeland, Haarlem lost (1573) while Alkmaar and Leiden held (1573–74), the Spanish Fury and the Pacification of Ghent (1576), Gembloux (1578), the Unions of Arras and Utrecht (January 1579) that split a reconciled Walloon south from a rebel north, and Rennenberg's treason (1580). Colours: red = Spanish crown / royalists; orange = rebels, from 1588 the sovereign Republic of the United Provinces; yellow = the provinces that sided with the States-General under the Pacification of Ghent (1576–79) without joining Holland and Zeeland's revolt; blue = France (Anjou's protectorate at Cambrai 1581–95, conquests as Dutch ally from 1635; red patches inside France are Spanish conquests of 1595–98 and 1636–38); grey = the neutral Prince-Bishopric of Liège. Event pins are coloured by the side that prevailed (purple = political event); click a pin for the commanders. Smaller actions are shown as small dots (hover). Borders are approximate. Control is drawn per district, built from the parishes of the Historical Atlas of the Low Countries (c. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-e272d7f9-d11f-434f-90c7-136fc85b34ba-l1ox51BAujVu8QMhNVvnKY5zVszxwh.mp4 2026-10-23T23:54:04.676Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/burgundian-state-revolt-republic 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/burgundian-state-revolt-republic Burgundian State, Revolt & Republic The Low Countries from Philip the Bold's Duchy of Burgundy (1363) to the Peace of Münster (1648). Four Valois dukes assemble the Low Countries by marriage, purchase and war; when Charles the Bold dies at Nancy in 1477 France takes Burgundy and Picardy and the Habsburgs inherit the rest; Charles V completes the Seventeen Provinces in 1543; and the Dutch Revolt splits them for good into the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. How to read it: purple is Valois Burgundy, lilac the lands of its cadet lines and the lands it held in pledge or occupied. Gold is the Habsburg Netherlands (1477–1556) and green the Spanish Netherlands; the change from gold to green in 1556 is Philip II succeeding his father Charles V, not a conquest. Orange is the Dutch Revolt and the Republic, pale orange the provinces that sided with the States-General after the Pacification of Ghent (1576–1579). Dark blue is what France took, grey the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. Pins mark rulers, treaties, unions, battles and sieges. Limits: the provinces are assembled from modern municipalities, so borders are right to within about 3–10 km. During the Revolt the countryside is given to whoever held the fortified towns of a district; some front-line dates of 1577–1594 are uncertain. Sources: modern municipal boundaries (IGN ADMIN EXPRESS for France; geoBoundaries for Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany); Natural Earth 10m land; Marco Zanoli, 'The House of Valois-Burgundy 1467–1477' (Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0), georeferenced for the province borders; Dutch, French, English and German Wikipedia articles on the territories, treaties, battles and sieges. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-f4ba8ef0-d2c6-4d4d-a8d5-91ff6fb40f22-DKGIqiqrjpHBqvKv68UEGWJPNxGlQO.mp4 2026-02-09T14:47:44.920Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/orange-versus-the-sun-king-the-1672-disaster-year-and-the-duel-of-william-iii-louis-xiv 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/orange-versus-the-sun-king-the-1672-disaster-year-and-the-duel-of-william-iii-louis-xiv Orange versus the Sun King · The 1672 Disaster Year and the duel of William III & Louis XIV The Disaster Year (Rampjaar) of 1672 and the forty-year struggle it started between William III of Orange and Louis XIV, from William's birth in 1650 to Louis's death in 1715. The arc follows Luc Panhuysen's 'Oranje tegen de Zonnekoning' (2016): Louis's personal rule and the War of Devolution, the joint French, English, Münster and Cologne attack of 1672, the flooded Water Line and the murder of the De Witts, the coalition wars, the Glorious Revolution that made William king of England, Scotland and Ireland, the Nine Years' War and the Spanish succession. How to read it: dark blue = France as it stood in 1661, mid blue = Louis XIV's lasting conquests, pale blue = towns and lands France took but had to give back (drawn over the occupied country); orange = the Dutch Republic; red-orange = the Stuart kingdoms under William III (1689–1702); greyish blue = territory occupied by France (Lorraine, the principality of Orange); lilac = Spain and the Spanish Netherlands under Louis's grandson Philip V (from 1701). The light blue band in Holland is the inundated Water Line of 1672–74 (white when it froze). The grey disc is the Brandenburg army on campaign, the Great Elector's until 1688. Click a large pin to read it; small dots show detail on hover. Limits: the Low Countries are drawn from the parishes of about 1500, with the Zuiderzee and the sea arms as they were in the 17th century; elsewhere the outlines follow modern provinces and coasts with hand-drawn historical cuts, so borders are approximate. Small enclaves, rivers and inland lakes are omitted. The map is cropped to the story: Spain is drawn only down to 40° N (just south of Madrid), Sweden and Norway only up to about 60° N, and Finland and Sweden's Baltic provinces are left out; zoom in for 1672–74. Dates are New Style; English events also give the Old Style date where it is the familiar one. Sources: L. Panhuysen, Oranje tegen de Zonnekoning (2016); J. Israel, The Dutch Republic (1995); J. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-87407994-0dbe-4452-b263-9f7439aaf6e2-dVkmt3s9bB11vcV8bx6o8iXi7Q8cnO.mp4 2026-10-24T10:41:38.925Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/rise-and-fall-of-the-mongols-11621783 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/rise-and-fall-of-the-mongols-11621783 Rise and Fall of the Mongols, 1162–1783 How a fatherless boy from the Onon River built the largest contiguous land empire in history, and how his descendants' realms fell apart over the next five centuries. Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khan, 1162–1227) gets the closest look: uniting the steppe tribes, the 1206 kurultai, the wars on Western Xia, Jin China, Qara Khitai and Khwarazm, and Jebe and Subutai's raid to the Kalka. His heirs reached Hungary, Baghdad, Syria and Yunnan, then split in 1260 into four khanates: Yuan China, the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate. The map follows each to its end, plus the later Genghisid states (Crimea, Kazan, Astrakhan, Sibir), the Northern Yuan, the Oirat Mongol khanates and, for context, Timur's Turco-Mongol empire. Pale fill = vassals and tributaries. Borders are approximate: steppe power meant tribute more than fixed lines. Russian events carry their Old Style (Julian) dates. This map is the overview, with ten layers and no neighbouring states; “The Mongol Empire, 1206–1368” shows the conquests in detail, with every neighbouring state and the campaign routes. From 1438 the Uzbek and Kazakh khanates, also ruled by descendants of Jochi, hold Central Asia; they lasted into the 19th century. Not shown: India's Mughals, founded by Babur, a descendant of Timur and, through his mother, of Genghis Khan. Mongolia regained independence in 1911. Sources: Wikipedia (Timeline of the Mongol Empire; Mongol conquests of Western Xia, Jin and Khwarazm; Siege of Zhongdu; Battle of the Kalka River; First Mongol invasion of Hungary; Battle of Ain Jalut; Toluid Civil War; Division of the Mongol Empire; Battle of Yamen; Ilkhanate; Chagatai Khanate; Golden Horde; Great Horde; Great Stand on the Ugra River; Northern Yuan; Ejei Khan; Siege of Kazan; Astrakhan Khanate), Britannica, World History Encyclopedia. Territories are assembled from Natural Earth provinces and geoBoundaries counties, so neighbouring states share exact borders. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-7bfc1740-fb6e-43f2-a876-b4cc371911b7-gezQfwRZoooM61ziJ63PZidi9j1snp.mp4 2026-11-10T20:47:57.144Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-mongol-empire-12061368 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-mongol-empire-12061368 The Mongol Empire, 1206–1368 From one steppe clan on the Onon to the largest contiguous land empire in history, and its break-up into four khanates: 58 keyframes from about 1200 to 1370. Temüjin unites the steppe tribes and becomes Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khan) in 1206. His armies destroy Western Xia, the Jin and Khwarazm; his heirs reach Hungary in 1241, sack Baghdad in 1258 and are stopped by the Mamluks at Ain Jalut in 1260. After the civil war between Kublai and Ariq Böke the empire is four khanates: the Great Khan's Yuan dynasty in China (brick red), the Golden Horde (gold), the Chagatai Khanate (green) and the Ilkhanate (blue). The map ends with the Red Turban risings and the Ming capture of Dadu in 1368. How to read it: strong colours are Mongol realms, light tints are vassals and tributaries (the Rus' principalities, Goryeo, Tibet, Georgia, Rum), muted colours are independent neighbours (sand for steppe peoples, teal for the states of China, purple for Islamic states, olive green for Europe, the Rus' and the Caucasus kingdoms, grey for the rest of Asia, grey-blue for the Ilkhanate's successors), dark arrows are campaigns. Steppe, desert and Siberian forest frontiers are approximate; the northern edge is a convention, not a surveyed border. This map shows the conquests in detail, with every neighbouring state and the campaign routes; "Rise and Fall of the Mongols, 1162–1783" is the overview of the six centuries from Temüjin's birth to the last Genghisid khanates. Sources: C. P. Atwood, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (2004); T. May, The Mongol Conquests in World History (2012) and The Mongol Empire (2018); Cambridge History of China vol. 6 (Franke & Twitchett, eds); T. Allsen, Mongol Imperialism (1987) and Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia (2001); P. Jackson, The Mongols and the West (2005) and The Mongols and the Islamic World (2017); R. Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks (1995); M. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-224ea9cf-9814-47df-adfa-d816560f4dd2-K4G3b2zIuLtsZYdmtAsFZQDrub5iI8.mp4 2026-10-31T14:23:48.958Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/lights-against-the-sea-north-americas-atlantic-coast-17152026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/lights-against-the-sea-north-americas-atlantic-coast-17152026 Lights Against the Sea: North America's Atlantic Coast Shipwrecks and Lighthouses (1715–2026) Every red patch is a cluster of recorded shipwrecks on the Atlantic coast of North America, from the Florida Keys to Greenland, counted over the ten years before each date; every yellow dot is a lighthouse or lightship, with a soft glow for the sea it lit. In 1716 Boston Light was the only lighthouse on the whole coast; by 1860 there were about 200 lighthouses and lightships, by 1900 more than 320. Recorded wrecks climbed with trade, emigration and the coasting schooners until the 1860s and 1870s (about 70 a year in these records, most of them around New York, the Carolinas, Cape Cod, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland) and fell after the 1920s with steam, radio, the Ice Patrol, loran, radar and GPS; the two world wars brought sharp spikes. Did the lights help? Near lightships, wrecks within 10–15 km in the 20 years after a station was set up were about 10–15% below the overall trend, and near Canada's lights about 15–25% below it, with clear drops at Cape Sable (lit after the Hungarian was lost in 1860), Baccaro Point, Swallowtail and the Bishop and Clerks lightship. Near US lighthouses they were not lower at all: many of those went up beside fast-growing ports such as New York, where traffic grew faster than any light could help. These are indications, not proof: lights were often built just after a bad run of wrecks, and wreck positions are approximate. For scale: the US Life-Saving Service went to the aid of 28,121 vessels between 1871 and 1914; in 2024 the whole world lost 27 large ships. Click the red pins for the big stories, the small dots for individual wrecks (a selection of about 1,200 of the recorded losses). How to read it: wrecks come from Wikipedia's lists of shipwrecks (CC BY-SA 4.0), compiled from Lloyd's List, newspapers and other sources, and record only part of all losses. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-89456355-4adc-41c0-a5fc-10ac81bce344-QXk17aHOBmZ6E7XHuDdm6WVX2jBFPC.mp4 2026-11-10T15:40:07.693Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/lights-against-the-sea-irelands-shipwrecks-and-lighthouses-15882026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/lights-against-the-sea-irelands-shipwrecks-and-lighthouses-15882026 Lights Against the Sea: Ireland's Shipwrecks and Lighthouses (1588–2026) Every red patch is a cluster of shipwrecks around the coast of Ireland, counted over the ten years before each date; every yellow dot is a lighthouse or lightship, with a soft glow for the sea it lit. In 1700 a handful of coal fires lit the whole coast. By 1875 almost every headland had a light, but the wreck count kept climbing until the 1850s and fell for good only when steam, iron hulls, load lines, telegraph storm warnings and, later, radio, radar and GPS arrived. Lights helped where ships could see them: around 62 lights with enough data, wrecks within 15 km in the 20 years after lighting were about 18% below what the national trend predicts, with clear drops at the Muglins (1906), Broadhaven (1855) and the Baily (1814), and none at Fastnet or Tuskar. That is an indication, not proof: lights were often built just after a bad run of wrecks, and wreck positions are approximate. For scale: in 1867 the Board of Trade counted 2,513 wrecks and casualties on the coasts of Britain and Ireland in a single year; in 2024 the whole world lost 27 large ships. Click the red pins for the big stories, the small dots for individual wrecks (a selection of about 1,100 of the roughly 16,000 wrecks that could be placed). How to read it: wrecks are recorded losses from the Wreck Inventory of Ireland (National Monuments Service, about 18,000 records, CC BY 4.0). Most 18th- and 19th-century records give only a place name (for example "Tuskar Rock, 4 miles SE"), which we matched to GeoNames places (CC BY 4.0) and to lighthouse positions; about 88% could be placed, so positions are approximate. The inventory is complete only up to 1946 and covers the Republic of Ireland's waters, so Northern Ireland's waters are greyed out (its lights are shown) and the empty sea after 1950 means 'not recorded', not 'no wrecks'. Early records are thin because fewer were kept, not because fewer ships were lost. Light ranges are schematic (up to 8 nautical miles before 1810, 12 before 1860, 15 after). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-e9cc32f9-8af9-4a83-8341-0de2f4d6254c-9TAMiFwLmFH3nB5I5Id1kIa419MGNy.mp4 2026-11-10T13:52:09.245Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/lights-against-the-sea-north-sea-shipwrecks-and-lighthouses-15932026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/lights-against-the-sea-north-sea-shipwrecks-and-lighthouses-15932026 Lights Against the Sea: North Sea Shipwrecks and Lighthouses (1593–2026) Every red patch is a cluster of recorded shipwrecks in the North Sea, counted over the ten years before each date; every yellow dot is a lighthouse or lightship, with a soft glow for the sea it lit. In 1650 a few coal fires and towers marked the whole sea; by the 1870s almost every headland and sandbank had a light. Recorded wrecks climbed with the coal and timber trade until the 1870s (about 250 a year, most of them on England's east coast between the Tyne and the Goodwin Sands); losses then fell for good with steam, iron hulls, load lines, storm warnings, radio, shipping lanes and GPS, though part of the fall in the 1880s is the source (see below). Lights helped where ships could see them: around 120 lights with researched dates and enough data, wrecks within 15 km in the 20 years after lighting were about 12% below what the overall trend predicts, with clear drops at the Bell Rock, the North Goodwin and Shipwash lightships and Vlieland, and none at many others. That is an indication, not proof: lights were often built just after a bad run of wrecks, and wreck positions are approximate. For scale: in 1867 the Board of Trade counted 2,513 wrecks and casualties on the coasts of Britain and Ireland in one year; in 2024 the whole world lost 27 large ships. Click the red pins for the big stories, the small dots for individual wrecks (a selection of about 1,300 of the recorded losses). How to read it: wrecks come from Wikipedia's lists of shipwrecks (CC BY-SA 4.0), compiled mostly from Lloyd's List, The Times and other newspapers. They are placed at the town, sandbank or headland the entry links to, so positions are approximate. Because the sources are British, England's and Scotland's coasts are recorded far better than Norway's, Sweden's or the Wadden coast: the continental coasts are under-recorded, not safer. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-7c360d93-a0a9-4bfc-b73e-103e9a205bcd-o5q84mAtGY9zkxXPMQ9AujXMOZHHda.mp4 2026-11-10T13:53:40.195Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-hanseatic-league-11591669 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-hanseatic-league-11591669 The Hanseatic League (1159–1669) The rise and fall of the Hanseatic League, the confederation of merchant towns that dominated northern European trade, from Henry the Lion's refounding of Lübeck (1159) to the last Hanseatic Diet (1669). How to read it: the Hanse ruled no territory, so the map shows towns, not areas. Each dot is a member town at that date (the leading cities a little larger), coloured by the League's regional quarters: Wendish towns around Lübeck (red), Saxon and Brandenburg towns (blue), Westphalian and Rhenish towns around Cologne (green) with the Dutch IJssel and Zuiderzee towns shown separately (orange), Prussian towns around Danzig (purple) and the Livonian towns with Gotland (teal). Yellow diamonds mark the Kontors (London, Bruges and later Antwerp, Bergen, Novgorod) and lesser trading posts. Brown lines are the main trade routes: the sea lanes from Lübeck via Visby to Reval and on to Novgorod, from Lübeck through the Sound to Bergen, and from the Elbe to Flanders and to London, plus the road from Lübeck to Hamburg and the Rhine and Hellweg road from Cologne through Westphalia to Goslar. A lane to a Kontor is drawn while that Kontor was open. The storm floods in the pins reshaped the North Sea coast the Dutch and Frisian towns traded from. Limits: a dot marks where a member town lay, not land the League held. A town counts as a member from its first documented part in Hanseatic business until it left, was excluded or stopped attending; for many small towns those years are estimates. The routes are schematic courses, not charted tracks. Sources: R. Hammel-Kiesow, Die Hanse (2000); HanseLexikon and Hansische Geschichtsblätter (Hansischer Geschichtsverein); the Hanserecesse; FactGrid Hanse membership data; German and English Wikipedia (Hansestadt, Hanse, Hanseatic League and the town articles); Natural Earth 10m land. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-0621bb94-4819-4738-abc1-3a1fe5a99b49-zavdUJ8hNW9osyesfR4stR4iXv3JLZ.mp4 2026-09-29T13:30:02.319Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/swedish-empire-dynasties-territories 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/swedish-empire-dynasties-territories Swedish Empire – Dynasties & Territories Sweden from the election of Gustav Vasa in 1523 to today: how the treaties from Teusina and Stolbovo to Westphalia and Roskilde built a Baltic empire, and how Nystad (1721), Fredrikshamn (1809) and the Vienna settlement (1815) took it apart. After 1815 little moves: the union with Norway (1814–1905) and Denmark's southern border (1864, 1920). How to read it: the Swedish realm is one area and its colour is the ruling dynasty: yellow for Vasa (1523–1654), red for Palatinate-Zweibrücken (1654–1720), teal for Hesse (1720–1751), purple for Holstein-Gottorp (1751–1818) and blue for Bernadotte (since 1818). When the whole realm changes colour in 1654, 1720, 1751 or 1818 a new dynasty takes the throne; no border moves. Grey is Denmark and Norway (ruled from Copenhagen until 1814); during the union with Sweden (1814–1905) Norway takes a lighter tone of the Swedish colour. Pins mark treaties, battles, reigns and constitutional changes. Limits: the borders are modern administrative units cut along researched treaty lines; the Lapland border before the 1833 survey, the edges of Ingria and the south-east edge of Bremen-Verden are approximate. The Great Northern War (1700–1721) is drawn as Sweden actually held the land: Ingria goes in 1704, the Baltic provinces, Viborg and Kexholm in 1710, Finland (occupied by Russia), Stettin and Bremen-Verden by 1714, the last German towns in 1716; Nystad (1721) gives Finland back. Occupied land is left blank. Dates are New Style (Gregorian) from 1582. Sources: Natural Earth 10m admin-1 boundaries; Swedish province outlines from Lantmäteriet districts (perliedman/svenska-landskap, CC0) and RAÄ parish polygons; Danish parish polygons (DAWA); OpenHistoricalMap and OpenStreetMap boundary and river geometry; treaty texts (Stettin border recess 1653, Nystad 1721, Åbo 1743); Wikipedia articles on the treaties and provinces (English, Swedish, German, Finnish, Estonian and Latvian editions). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-6b4d7c6c-8981-4539-9eda-1aa109923d3c-IOJfU6XaazhJ1ntGcPbZ6nkCafYMG0.mp4 2026-02-09T14:19:34.803Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/rome-from-republic-to-fall-of-constantinople-509-bc-1453-ad 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/rome-from-republic-to-fall-of-constantinople-509-bc-1453-ad Rome — From Republic to Fall of Constantinople (509 BC – 1453 AD) Two thousand years of Rome on one map: the Republic growing from a single city in Latium to master of the Mediterranean, the Empire at its height under Trajan, the breakaway Gallic and Palmyrene empires of the third-century crisis, the split into West and East, the Western collapse and its last rump states, and the thousand-year Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire — its reconquests, its losses to Persians, Arabs, Bulgars, Normans and Turks, the Fourth Crusade and its Greek successor states — until Constantinople falls in 1453 and Trebizond, the last Roman state, in 1461. How to read it: red is the Republic, purple the Empire, green the Gallic Empire and teal the Palmyrene Empire (260–274), orange the Western Empire with brown for the Domain of Soissons, gold the Eastern Roman Empire, blue the Despotate of Epirus and pink the Empire of Trebizond. After 1204 the gold layer is the Empire of Nicaea, which retook Constantinople in 1261. Shaded areas are directly ruled territory (in Italy before 90 BC, including Rome's allies); client kingdoms are not shaded. Limits: only Roman states are drawn; Carthage, the Hellenistic kingdoms, Persia, the Caliphate, Bulgaria and the Turks do not appear, so gains and losses show against an empty map. The borders are snapshots adapted from a world dataset and corrected at about 3,100 test places; between them some frontiers shift slightly where nothing happened. Sources: Cliopatria (Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0) for the base borders, corrected from historical research (English Wikipedia, Omniatlas, Livius.org, and the ancient authors in the LacusCurtius and Perseus editions); coastlines from Natural Earth. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-b5b24ada-5ff7-4ed8-9ecf-a72ffbc4d7bc-fUhYV7VXHJd9axiV2gW92uRfr1B4oV.mp4 2026-02-27T12:27:41.684Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-ottoman-empire-12991923 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-ottoman-empire-12991923 The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) The Ottoman Empire from Osman's beylik around Söğüt (1299) through its greatest extent on the eve of the siege of Vienna (1683) to the Republic of Turkey (1923); the last frame adds Hatay in 1939. How to read it: red is land under direct Ottoman rule. Amber is vassal, tributary and autonomous land under Ottoman suzerainty, such as Wallachia and Moldavia, the Crimean Khanate, Transylvania, the North African regencies and Egypt under Muhammad Ali's dynasty. From 1878 amber also marks land that stayed Ottoman in name under foreign administration: Bosnia (Austria-Hungary, annexed 1908), Cyprus (Britain, annexed 1914) and Egypt (British occupation from 1882). Dark crimson is the Ankara government from 1920 and the Republic of Turkey. Pins mark battles, treaties, sultans and reforms. Limits: only the Ottoman side is drawn; Byzantium, the Mamluks, Persia, Venice, the Habsburgs and Russia do not appear. Desert borders in Africa and Arabia are approximate. Sources: Cliopatria (Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0) for the base borders; Natural Earth for coasts and provinces; corrections from the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (İnalcık and others), Imber, Finkel, Fine, Ágoston and Pálffy (Hungarian frontier), Pitcher, Magocsi, the treaty texts from Karlowitz to Lausanne, Hertslet, Allen and Muratoff, and Wikipedia. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-134bfc06-e103-495d-9b86-f45cfff8bd3b-EMXDTpA15QqdznEv3maK9yhrUfCsJi.mp4 2026-02-27T12:27:41.201Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/brazil-from-colony-to-empire-15001828 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/brazil-from-colony-to-empire-15001828 Brazil — From Colony to Republic (1500–1909) Brazil from Cabral's landfall in 1500 to the last boundary treaties of 1909: a strip of sugar coast becomes half a continent. The map follows the hereditary captaincies, the French and Dutch colonies, the bandeirantes, cattle and gold that pulled settlement inland, the treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777), independence in 1822, the wars on the Río de la Plata, the Paraguayan War, and the treaties and arbitration awards of 1851–1909 that fixed today's borders. How to read it: the pale area is the territory claimed or possessed, first the Tordesillas zone and later the treaty limits: pale green under Portugal, pale gold under the Empire (from 1822), pale teal under the Republic (from 1889). The darker areas on top are the land actually settled and held: two greens for the Portuguese State of Brazil and State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará, yellow for the Empire, teal for the Republic. Pink zones are borders in dispute (1828–1909). Orange is Dutch Brazil, blue the French colonies (France Antarctique, São Luís, French Guiana), brown the quilombo of Palmares. Grey is Spanish America and its successor states, warm grey the Jesuit reductions on the Spanish side (to 1767), slate the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, purple Artigas's Banda Oriental and then Uruguay. Limits: land held by indigenous peoples is not drawn as a territory of its own; it lies under the pale claim. The Spanish-American neighbours are rough context shapes until 1828; from 1851 one grey area shows the land of the neighbouring republics up to Brazil's treaty lines (no borders between them), with the Paraguayan occupation of southern Mato Grosso (1865–1868). The British and Dutch Guianas are not drawn. After 1828 the settled area grows in four steps (1850, 1870, 1889, 1909). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-ff769432-3500-41bc-ac6f-01557d89805c-mDldy7wP4ubwzSJNL49lm6WxycjYT8.mp4 2026-02-26T21:22:51.902Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/los-angeles-how-the-sprawl-grew-1781today 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/los-angeles-how-the-sprawl-grew-1781today Los Angeles: How the Sprawl Grew, 1781–2020 How the Los Angeles region grew from a Spanish pueblo of 44 settlers (1781) into a metro of 18.6 million. Each colour is a growth wave; areas take the colour of the period in which they first became built-up. The periods end at real turning points (the railroad, the crash of 1929, the end of the war, Proposition 13) and each one fills in over two or three steps. The data run to the census of 2020; nothing after that is shown. Method & caveats: built-up land per year comes from HISDAC-US (first built-up year per 250 m cell, from property and parcel records), generalised to roughly 1 km and fitted to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2020 urban areas. The year is that of the oldest building still on record, so rebuilt districts (downtown above all) can look younger than they are. A place turns built-up once about half the land around it has a building, so new towns such as Irvine and Valencia appear some years after their founding date; land without a recorded year (ports, airports, industry) takes the year of its neighbours, and the smallest patches are merged into their surroundings. Before 1877 almost nothing survives in the records: the missions and towns of that era are drawn as small patches at their documented sites. The pale outlines in the first frames are the Spanish and Mexican land grants: in 1781 only the pueblo's own four square leagues, by 1850 the ranchos granted from 1784 to 1846, drawn as they were later surveyed for their U.S. patents (the smallest are left out) and shown until the land boom of the 1880s. Mountains and open space are left out. Not drawn: the Coachella Valley, east of the map. It belongs to the five-county region of 18.6 million, so the last frame does not show the whole footprint of that figure. The story behind the map: https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/los-angeles-urban-sprawl-map-1781-2020 Sources: HISDAC-US first built-up year grid, v2 (Ahn, Leyk, Uhl & McShane 2023, Harvard Dataverse, doi:10.7910/DVN/HHFM5E); U.S. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-acaa6fb4-61ce-4775-a9a7-abafc9d2eba6-qKQZHqKEdD4icpXm80avD23yeEUnH8.mp4 2026-11-10T20:55:09.470Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-american-civil-war-18611865-front-lines-battles-and-casualties 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-american-civil-war-18611865-front-lines-battles-and-casualties The American Civil War, 1861–1865: Front Lines, Battles and Casualties From Lincoln's election to the abolition of slavery: eleven states leave the Union, and four years of war push the Confederacy back county by county until its armies surrender in the spring of 1865. Dark blue is the Union, light blue the Confederate ground held by Union armies, red the Confederacy, salmon the Union ground Confederate armies held for a while, tan the Indian nations allied with the Confederacy, pale blue the western territories and yellow Kentucky while it was neutral. Arrows trace the great campaigns and raids. Most dots are battles (blue: Union victory, red: Confederate victory, grey: inconclusive); the other dots are towns changing hands, political events (purple), raids, burnings and riots (amber), naval events (teal) and surrenders and massacres (dark grey). The bar at the top adds up each side's battle casualties (killed, wounded, missing or captured) as the war goes on, with a lighter band where sources disagree. The counter counts battles only. About two-thirds of the war's deaths came from disease, and recent estimates put the total dead at 620,000–750,000. Control is simplified to counties: "Union-held" means garrisons and the country around them, not every farm. Raids and marches that did not stay are shown as arrows, not as territory. Coastal forts, islands and beachheads too small for this scale are markers only; the Union's strongholds on the Confederate coast (Fort Monroe, Fort Pickens, Key West, Ship Island) keep a small blue dot for as long as the coast around them is Confederate. Sources: Civil War Sites Advisory Commission battle list and NPS battle summaries; Wikipedia battle articles (casualties from Eicher, Livermore and the Official Records); Kennedy, The Civil War Battlefield Guide; state encyclopedias (Encyclopedia Virginia, Tennessee Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Arkansas, Handbook of Texas, 64 Parishes, NCpedia, New Georgia Encyclopedia); Census county boundaries. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-e78e62a7-bc60-4af4-a947-fcae35ffa51f-flVAPGOYNYzX5hIqf4vB5RErh4EHPH.mp4 2026-11-11T21:56:01.859Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-making-of-the-united-states-14922025-native-nations-and-colonial-powers 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-making-of-the-united-states-14922025-native-nations-and-colonial-powers The Making of the United States, 1492–2025: Native Nations and Colonial Powers Five centuries of North America in one animation: from a continent held wall to wall by Native nations, through the Spanish, French, English, Dutch, Swedish and Russian footholds, to the United States, Canada and Mexico of today. The colours show who really held the ground: a Native nation until its land was settled, conquered or signed away by treaty; a colonial power only around its towns, forts and missions and on land it had taken. The ribbons are the borders the powers claimed on paper: New Spain, New France and Louisiana, New Netherland, New Sweden, the British colonies and Rupert's Land, Russian America, and the United States from 1776. Watch the Dutch on the Hudson (1624–1664, and once more in 1673–74), the fall of Huronia, the Pueblo Revolt, the Proclamation Line, the treaty cessions rolling west from 1784, the removals to Indian Territory, and the reservations that remain. How to read it. Inside the United States, Native land follows the 718 cessions that Charles Royce mapped in 1899, each with the legal date of its treaty or act; land therefore often stays Native on the map after settlers had in fact overrun it, and the Comanche plains are dated to their real loss in 1875. Before the treaties, a nation's country is the land nearest to its known villages: an approximation, since borders between nations were zones, not lines, and many smaller peoples are grouped with their neighbours. Colonial areas are circles around settlements that widen with age. Today's reservations (United States) and reserves (Canada) of about 150 km² and more are drawn, together with the lands that modern treaties gave back into Inuit, Dene and Cree ownership: Inuvialuit (1984), Nunavut (1993), Gwich'in, Sahtu, Tłı̨chǫ, the Yukon First Nations and the James Bay Cree, each from the year of its agreement. Thousands of smaller reserves are too small to show at this scale. Alaska counts as Native land until the Claims Settlement Act of 1971, Hawaiʻi as a Native kingdom until 1893. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-f3a9843f-695e-4421-9de0-f3d616433b24-SHyOvG6W8YOntfRgB4byxKlrb7CkMr.mp4 2026-10-14T20:19:59.220Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-holy-roman-empire-and-its-lands-9621990 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-holy-roman-empire-and-its-lands-9621990 The Holy Roman Empire and Its Lands, 962–1990 Every duchy, county, march, prince-bishopric and free city of the Holy Roman Empire, and every land that ever formally belonged to it, from the coronation of Otto I in 962 to German reunification in 1990: the stem duchies, their break-up into hundreds of territories, the rise of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia, the end of the Empire in 1806, the German Confederation, unification in 1871, both World Wars and the division of Germany. How to read it: full colour means inside the Empire or its successor (Confederation of the Rhine, German Confederation, North German Confederation, German Reich, the German states after 1945); pale means outside, so a land can appear twice in the legend: in full colour for its parts inside and pale for its parts outside. Colour families follow the ruling houses: gold Habsburg, dark blue Hohenzollern, light blue Wittelsbach, green Wettin, orange Welf, crimson the Bohemian crown, purple the church lands, dark red the free cities. The states founded after 1945 have colours of their own that stand for no house (the greens of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and the Saarland are not Wettin). Land that never belonged to the Empire or to Germany is left blank, except for the Polish and Czech lands Nazi Germany annexed or occupied in 1939–45. Hover or tap a territory for its name. Method and limits: inside Germany's 1937 borders the rulers for 1300–1918 come from the town-by-town dataset of Cantoni, Mohr and Weigand, drawn on modern municipal boundaries, so borders are accurate to about 5–10 km and enclaves smaller than a town's surroundings are not shown; the smallest lordships and the Imperial Knights are grouped. Elsewhere the units are modern districts and provinces. Dynastic unions are shown under the ruling house. Sources: D. Cantoni, C. Mohr, M. Weigand, Princes and Townspeople: A Collection of Historical Statistics on German Territories and Cities (Harvard Dataverse, CC0), after the Deutsches Städtebuch and G. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-4f7444cf-e2d2-4d89-ac14-2983c2e84504-3xDq5A5sdEnWyIOblZdMrR5LaVYYTS.mp4 2026-10-13T18:15:06.975Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-rings-of-power-seasons-12-on-a-map-of-middle-earth 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-rings-of-power-seasons-12-on-a-map-of-middle-earth The Rings of Power: Seasons 1–2 on a map of Middle-earth Seasons 1 and 2 (2022, 2024) of Amazon's The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power on an ink map of Middle-earth: Galadriel's hunt in the Forodwaith and her raft across the Sundering Seas with Halbrand, Númenor's fleet sailing to the Southlands, Adar's orcs, the eruption of Orodruin that turns the Southlands into Mordor, Elrond and Durin in Khazad-dûm, Celebrimbor's forges in Eregion, the Harfoots and the Stranger, then Annatar in Ost-in-Edhil, the Stranger's road through Rhûn, Pharazôn's rise in Númenor, the Seven and the Nine, and the siege and fall of Eregion. Season 3 (Prime Video, November 2026) is not on this map. How to read it: every company and army is a small piece that slides along its route from scene to scene, with a fading trail; the realms are a pale wash. Captions name the episode (S1E6 = Season 1, episode 6) and what happens; pins mark the main scenes. This follows the show, not Tolkien's books, where the two differ. Dates are a nominal calendar: the show gives none and compresses into a couple of years events that Tolkien spreads over nearly 1,800 years of the Second Age (the forging of the Rings from about SA 1500, the fall of Eregion in SA 1697, Ar-Pharazôn's Númenor from SA 3255), so Season 1 is drawn as the year 1600 and Season 2 as 1601, each episode an equal window of about five weeks. Off-screen travel between scenes is reconstructed. Númenor lies far out in the western sea and is drawn small and much closer than it should be. A non-commercial fan map. The Rings of Power © Amazon MGM Studios; Middle-earth © The Tolkien Estate. Basemap: ME-GIS layers by monks and SeerBlue of the ME-DEM project, published by jvangeld (github.com/jvangeld/ME-GIS), used with permission. Sources: the episodes; Tolkien Gateway and the LOTR Fandom wiki episode pages; Wikipedia's season pages; basemap from ME-GIS (ME-DEM project). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-1366e1ba-101e-43dc-9784-8725f83ed04c-7M1yxRGLzIjvzarW1KdSOpHHKGWMP7.mp4 2026-11-04T11:05:51.580Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/middle-earth-from-the-hobbit-to-the-grey-havens-ta-29413021 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/middle-earth-from-the-hobbit-to-the-grey-havens-ta-29413021 Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to the Grey Havens (TA 2941–3021) The journeys and wars of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings on an ink map of Middle-earth, after Tolkien's books (not the films): Thorin and Company and the Battle of Five Armies (2941), the long years in between, then the Fellowship of the Ring, the War of the Ring in Rohan, Gondor, Mordor and the North, the Scouring of the Shire, and the Ring-bearers sailing West from the Grey Havens (3021). How to read it: every company and army is a small piece that slides along its route, leaving a fading trail, between the dated stops of Appendix B (The Tale of Years) and the chapters. The realms are a pale wash in the colour of their people. Each caption gives the date and what happens; pins mark the main events. Dates follow Appendix B. The Shire calendar has twelve 30-day months, which a modern timeline cannot show: 29 and 30 February 3019 share 28 February here (captions and pins give Tolkien's date), and Mid-year's Day falls on 30 June or 1 July. Where Tolkien gives only a year the day is a placeholder, and the days between dated stops are reconstructed. A non-commercial fan map. Middle-earth © The Tolkien Estate. Basemap: ME-GIS layers by monks and SeerBlue of the ME-DEM project, published by jvangeld (github.com/jvangeld/ME-GIS), used with permission. Sources: The Hobbit; The Lord of the Rings and its appendices; Unfinished Tales; Tolkien Gateway; the LotR Project timeline; basemap from ME-GIS (ME-DEM project). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-31e7dd9c-8b76-453e-9a7f-8d9f2592eb1a-Xiifg2UmxjTe0AtwpWBQWNgEkwCg9D.mp4 2026-10-31T12:40:09.835Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-dance-of-the-dragons-129131-ac 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-dance-of-the-dragons-129131-ac The Dance of the Dragons, 129–131 AC The Dance of the Dragons, the Targaryen civil war of George R.R. Martin's Fire & Blood: the Greens of King Aegon II (green) against the Blacks of Queen Rhaenyra (charcoal), 129–131 AC. Dragons fly as dragon tokens, armies march as discs, fleets sail as ships; pins mark battles and deaths. Coloured land shows who held it, bare cloth is neutral; teal is the Ironborn, gold the realm reunited under Aegon III. Follows the book, not House of the Dragon. Fire & Blood gives few exact days (Viserys's death, the Gullet, the Gods Eye, Rhaenyra's death, Sunfyre's death); the other dates are reconstructed from its relative cues ('nine days later', 'a nineteen-day march') and travel times, moons read as months. Places missing from the base map are estimated. Map data by cadaei, after Tear, theMountainGoat, Werthead and Other-in-Law; world © George R.R. Martin; CC BY-NC-SA 3.0, non-commercial fan map. Not affiliated with or endorsed by HBO or George R.R. Martin. Sources: George R.R. Martin, Fire & Blood (2018); A Wiki of Ice and Fire. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-c2b74288-68f3-41a1-9e7d-df9f262eded5-K0gHIvmCgTQqDWTNi6NvEUwfITmjmc.mp4 2026-10-31T13:24:40.984Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-wars-of-game-of-thrones-seasons-1-8 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-wars-of-game-of-thrones-seasons-1-8 The Wars of Game of Thrones, Seasons 1–8 The wars of HBO's Game of Thrones, seasons 1 to 8, told through the armies on the move: Robb Stark's march south and the Red Wedding, the five kings, the Ironborn in the North, Stannis at the Blackwater and in the snow before Winterfell, Daenerys's road through the Dothraki Sea, Qarth, Astapor, Yunkai and Meereen, the wildlings and the Night's Watch at the Wall, and the long march of the dead. Each commander is a token that slides along a dated route with a trail behind it (circles march, ships sail, darts fly); fleets keep to the sea. The coloured land is the background: regions coloured by the side that held them, with neutral land left as bare cloth. The caption under the map names the season (S1 to S8) and what is happening at that moment. The show gives almost no dates. The in-world dates (298-305 AC) are a reconstruction: each season gets a year-long window, episodes follow in order, and marches are spaced at plausible speeds. Events seen on screen are dated in order; marches and voyages between them are reconstructed, and places missing from the base map are estimated. Pins mark the turning points; small dots the skirmishes, sieges and arrivals around them. Map data by cadaei, after Tear, theMountainGoat, Werthead and Other-in-Law; world © George R.R. Martin; CC BY-NC-SA 3.0, non-commercial fan map. Not affiliated with or endorsed by HBO or George R.R. Martin. Sources: the HBO series Game of Thrones, seasons 1-8 (the episodes); Game of Thrones Wiki (Fandom) for episode and battle pages; A Wiki of Ice and Fire for geography; base map: the Game of Thrones shapefiles by cadaei (Cartographers' Guild), CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-bbd6b26d-75cb-41bc-a409-ee66884ea4fc-qMLXqVArggETBI8TzNrnP2B5DujrUA.mp4 2026-10-24T15:40:00.482Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-return-of-the-wolf-to-europe-19702026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-return-of-the-wolf-to-europe-19702026 The return of the wolf to Europe, 1970–2026 Where wolves (Canis lupus) live permanently in Europe, coloured by when they first settled there: dark blue = present c. 1970, through blue, cyan and green, to yellow-green = most recent. Edges are drawn soft on purpose: a wolf range has no hard border. Where the data stop (checked November 2026; a monitoring year runs from 1 May to 30 April): territory data reach 2025/26 for the Netherlands (BIJ12), Belgium (INBO, Wallonia's Réseau Loup), Denmark (Aarhus University), Finland (Luke), Austria (packs, Österreichzentrum Bär Wolf Luchs) and Sweden and Norway (the joint winter inventory of SLU Viltskadecenter and Rovdata). Swiss KORA records also run to 2025/26, but a new Swiss area needs records in two years, so the last Swiss additions are 2024/25. Germany (DBBW) reaches 2024/25, as its 2025/26 figures are not out yet, and France (OFB) 2023/24. Spain (national census 2021–24) and the Italian Alps (LIFE WolfAlps, 2023/24) add the areas the LCIE survey lacked, dated 2023/24. The Catalan pack is drawn from 2024/25, when its pair settled. Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, the Baltic states, the rest of Italy, Portugal and the Balkans stop at the LCIE survey of 2017–2022/23 (no newer comparable data are published), so from 2023/24 on the map understates the spread there, above all in western Poland. Method: 10 x 10 km cells of the EU reference grid with permanent wolf presence; each cell keeps the first year it was occupied. Where official territory data exist (Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Austria: territory centre plus 8 km; Finland: Luke's territory outlines; Sweden and Norway from 2020/21: the territory areas mapped by the joint winter inventory), a cell takes the first year a territory covered a quarter of it. The c. 1970 range is an approximate, hand-drawn outline of the last strongholds (NW Iberia, the central and southern Apennines, the Balkans, the Carpathians, eastern Poland, the Baltic states and Finland's eastern border). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-3fc221a1-7524-4dd3-b668-90b079477ed7-RXAoaB4QkcjzcK5a8Gy2C33SY3YI5H.mp4 2026-11-05T23:59:29.706Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/world-war-ii-in-europe-19391945-who-held-what 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/world-war-ii-in-europe-19391945-who-held-what World War II in Europe, 1939–1945: Who Held What Who controlled which territory in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East from the destruction of Czecho-Slovakia (March 1939) to the Potsdam Agreement (August 1945), in 58 snapshots: sovereign states, annexations, occupation regimes (pale tints of the occupier), client states, partisan-held areas, front lines, pockets and the 1945 zones of occupation. Markers show battles, sieges, treaties, uprisings, liberations and atrocities. Accuracy: treaty and administrative lines ±2–5 km; front lines ±3–10 km where traced from German daily situation maps (Lage Ost, 1941–44), ±10–20 km in fluid phases; partisan areas are schematic. Sources: OpenHistoricalMap (CC0) dated boundaries; treaty and decree texts; OKH 'Lage Ost' situation maps (germandocsinrussia.org); US Army CMH histories and 12th Army Group situation maps; NZ, Australian and British official histories; Hungarian National Archives 1944–45 settlement data; IGN demarcation-line map (Gallica); Wikipedia in many languages. Base geometry: Natural Earth. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-5713d894-ba0e-4dd8-8d2d-ea806f431693-CA8OJwfNb1QEjzj4sSoRWPxjWWJDV9.mp4 2026-10-05T06:31:34.269Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-spread-of-the-asian-hornet-across-europe-20042026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-spread-of-the-asian-hornet-across-europe-20042026 The spread of the Asian hornet across Europe, 2004–2026 The yellow-legged or Asian hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) is a hornet from Asia that preys on honeybees. Genetics point to a single mated queen that reached Lot-et-Garonne in south-west France around 2004, probably in a shipment of pottery from China. This map shows where the hornet was first recorded in each year since: every piece of land takes the colour of the year of the first record within 25 km, from dark purple (2004) to yellow (2026). The front moved at roughly 60 km a year: 13 French départements by 2006, 56 by 2012 and nearly all of mainland France by 2018. First records elsewhere: Spain 2010, Portugal 2011, Italy 2012, Germany 2014, Mallorca 2015, Jersey, Great Britain and Belgium 2016 (first nests; a single hornet in Belgium in 2011), Switzerland and the Netherlands 2017, Luxembourg 2020, Ireland 2021 (one hornet; first nests 2025), Hungary and Czechia 2023, Austria and Slovakia 2024, Denmark 2025, Poland 2026. Since 2016 the hornet has been on the EU list of invasive alien species of Union concern. How to read it: a record is painted only when it was repeated (another record within 40 km in the next two years), so an isolated cluster shows as a disc of 25 km. One-off finds, and countries without an established population (Ireland, Austria, Czechia, Hungary, Slovakia, Denmark, Poland), are not painted but pinned. Red pins are the first record in a country or region, blue pins are facts and figures, teal pins and dots are incursions that are not painted. Limits: this is a map of detection, not of density or present status. First recorded is not the same as established: nests in Britain and Ireland are destroyed when found. Records follow recording effort. Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland are densely covered; France after 2012, Spain and Italy are thinner, so parts of the French interior and of inland Spain appear one to three years late or stay blank. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-51bd8635-dbbe-41f7-bdc2-52b2dd58d58c-Wo3BdYjOFERWt8077pMzGLd74gU8gq.mp4 2026-10-31T13:40:27.447Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-making-of-england-6001071 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-making-of-england-6001071 The Making of England (600–1071) How a patchwork of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms became one England, from the Heptarchy and the Viking invasions to Alfred the Great and 1066: the rival powers of Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex, the Great Heathen Army and the Danelaw, the reconquest by Alfred's children and grandson Æthelstan, the Danish kings Sweyn and Cnut, and the Norman conquest up to the fall of Ely. It is also the real history behind The Last Kingdom. How to read it: each kingdom has its own colour. Red Wessex grows into the Kingdom of England, the greys are Danish-ruled lands and blue at the end is Norman control, paler north of the Tees, where the English earl Gospatric submitted to William in 1070 and kept his earldom until 1072. The small dark shapes are armies on the move: the Great Heathen Army, and the three armies of 1066. Pins mark battles, treaties and deaths; dots are smaller events such as raids, winter camps and the burhs of Edward and Æthelflæd. Limits: early medieval frontiers were never surveyed, so borders are drawn soft and follow later shire boundaries; overlordship is shown only where a kingdom was actually absorbed. Several battle sites (Brunanburh, Assandun, the Holme) are unknown or disputed; the pin then shows the most common candidate. Sources: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Bede, Ecclesiastical History; Wikipedia articles on the kingdoms, the Great Heathen Army, the Danelaw, Æthelflæd, Edward the Elder, Æthelstan, Cnut and the Norman Conquest; borders from Natural Earth admin units. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-7f2bc71e-f88c-4469-9083-1a0afff82742-IOcf7F2S2aD1O87AmCyqlzcnRg2q1f.mp4 2026-10-11T20:49:34.299Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/ebola-bundibugyo-in-dr-congo-2026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/ebola-bundibugyo-in-dr-congo-2026 Ebola (Bundibugyo) in DR Congo, 2026 Data to 12 November 2026 (DRC health ministry / INSP daily situation report 182; WHO AFRO weekly report 25, data to 7 November). How the 2026 Bundibugyo Ebola outbreak spread through the health zones of eastern and northern DR Congo: from three zones in Ituri in mid-May to 68 zones in eight provinces by mid-November, with 11,254 confirmed cases and 5,505 confirmed deaths. WHO calls it the largest Bundibugyo outbreak ever recorded and, since early August, the second-largest Ebola disease outbreak, after West Africa 2014–16 (28,610 cases); the two earlier Bundibugyo outbreaks, Uganda 2007 and DR Congo 2012, had 131 and 62 cases. No vaccine or specific treatment is approved for Bundibugyo disease; candidate vaccines are being tested in the TUMAINI trial, which began in Bunia on 23 October. Each health zone (zone de santé, the unit DRC's health system reports by) is coloured by the month of its first confirmed case: red May, orange June, yellow July, green August, blue September, violet October, pink November (so far only Watsa, on 11 November). Grey: the other health zones of the eight provinces affected by November, shown from the start. The bar counts confirmed deaths in DRC. Outside DRC: circles mark Uganda's 20 confirmed cases in Kampala (May–June; local transmission declared over on 28 July, the outbreak on 27 August) and Kenya's 9 cases and 2 deaths in October, a traveller from DRC and eight of his quarantined contacts; the line traces his route from Buta via Kisangani, Beni and Kampala. Nigeria confirmed one case in Abuja on 20 October, a woman who had arrived from Uganda; it lies off the map and appears in the event notes. Patients treated in Germany (2), France, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom are not drawn. Simplifications: confirmed cases only, no probable or suspected cases. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-ea881f75-4e1b-420d-9ca8-0c973c2de974-WegRivAISNc4aqvjyZ8hXMbHcn06gX.mp4 2026-10-14T20:53:06.692Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/russias-war-on-ukraine-20142026-who-holds-what 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/russias-war-on-ukraine-20142026-who-holds-what Russia's war on Ukraine, 2014–2026: who holds what Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and occupied part of Donbas. On 24 February 2022 it launched a full-scale invasion. Ukraine pushed it back from Kyiv, Kharkiv oblast and Kherson in 2022. Since then the front has moved slowly, with Ukraine's Kursk incursion of 2024–25 as the one move into Russia. Light red is Russian-occupied Ukraine and light blue is Ukrainian-held Russia. Small dots are strikes and clashes. The bar at the top adds up the estimated killed, wounded and missing, soldiers and civilians, on each side; the ranges are wide, and before 2022 the Russian side means the Russian-backed forces in Donbas. Data to 15 November 2026. The borders are simplified. Sources: 2014–15 lines from dated revisions of the Wikimedia Commons map of the war in Donbas; VIINA (Zhukov, ODbL) for the 2015–22 line of contact and, from its Wikipedia-based status, for 25 Feb – 1 Apr 2022; DeepStateMap from 8 Apr 2022 (its history archive, and cyterat/deepstate-map-data from July 2024); Kursk from DeepStateMap (its first day from reported village control); events from Wikipedia, ISW and news agencies, weekly strike counts from VIINA; casualty estimates from OHCHR, CSIS, The Economist, UK Defence Intelligence, US officials, Ukraine's General Staff and UALosses. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-d044b174-dc28-4e68-b37b-8b55dce0470d-rNCElwQ0UOHhyVHcUmcs81KTK7ZkOd.mp4 2026-10-08T04:30:39.778Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/spread-of-christianity-302025 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/spread-of-christianity-302025 Spread of Christianity, 30–2025 How Christianity spread from a small Jewish movement in Jerusalem across the world, and which branch prevailed where. From c. AD 30 to 2025. Colours: • Red: the Latin church of the west, Roman Catholic after the schism of 1054 (including Eastern Catholic churches such as the Greek Catholics in western Ukraine and the Maronites in Lebanon). • Yellow: the Greek church of the east, Eastern Orthodox after 1054. Until 1054 red and yellow are the western and eastern halves of one still-undivided church; before the Council of Chalcedon (451) yellow also covers the churches of Egypt, Armenia, Ethiopia and Persia. • Purple: Oriental Orthodox, after Chalcedon (451): Coptic, Ethiopian, Armenian, Syriac. • Blue: Church of the East, from Mesopotamia to China and India; between the 9th and 14th centuries the largest church by extent. • Pink: Arianism, the faith of the Gothic and other Germanic kingdoms (4th–7th centuries). • Green: Protestant, from the Hussites (1420) and Luther (1517); includes Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, and later Evangelical and Pentecostal. • Grey (translucent): areas where a majority now calls itself non-religious (e.g. the Netherlands, Czechia, Estonia, eastern Germany, Scotland, New Zealand, British Columbia). How to read it: an area shows where a branch was the dominant form of Christianity or had a substantial community, not that everyone was Christian. Small circles are cities or communities in an otherwise non-Christian setting (early congregations, the Church of the East in Asia, Copts in Egypt). Where two colours lie over each other and blend (Switzerland, Northern Ireland, southern France in 1560–1650), both branches live side by side. For the Germanic kingdoms, pink shows the religion of the rulers; the Roman population mostly stayed Catholic. In the colonial era the map roughly follows the colonial core, not the full conversion of the indigenous population. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-2f161d00-265d-43b4-aa54-bf86a6fef1e9-kPAoI79EiGUd8UrB1Aoj7MURtIlXNm.mp4 2026-11-04T11:00:54.655Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/life-expectancy-in-europe-19452024 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/life-expectancy-in-europe-19452024 Life expectancy in Europe, 1945–2024 How long can a newborn expect to live? Life expectancy at birth (both sexes) across Europe from 1945 to 2024, one frame per year, at the finest level each country publishes: countries first, then regions and provinces, and municipalities and districts in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Czechia and the Nordic countries. An area stays empty until its first figure, so in 1945–1949 only the countries with reconstructed life tables are coloured. Zoom in to see the municipalities. COLOURS One scale for all years, in two-year bands from 68 years up and wider bands below (the key is the column of squares in the Atlantic; hover over a square or an area for its name): dark red under 50 years, red 50–60, orange 60–72, yellow 72–76, green 76–80, blue 80–86, navy 86 and over. A colour only changes when a value moves 0.4 years past a band's edge, so year-to-year noise in small places does not flicker. WHAT YOU SEE WHERE - Countries: Human Mortality Database and Zijdeman et al. (Clio-Infra) before 1950 where available, UN World Population Prospects 2024 from 1950, all via Our World in Data; Eurostat's national figure for Moldova in 2024. Today's borders throughout (Germany, Czechia, Ukraine, Kosovo etc. as present-day territories). Series that end in 2023 (UN estimates for countries outside the EU, Eurostat for Türkiye) keep their 2023 value in the 2024 frame. - United Kingdom: 359 local authorities from 2001–2003, rolling three-year periods, in the boundaries of 2025 (ONS). No figures for the City of London and the Isles of Scilly. - Netherlands: 342 municipalities (gemeenten) from 1996–1999, rolling four-year periods, in the municipal division of 2024 (RIVM/CBS). - Germany: 401 districts (Kreise and kreisfreie Städte), three-year averages from 1993–1995 to 2018–2020, in the boundaries of 2020 (BBSR INKAR); Eurostat's 38 regions for 2021–2024, after the district series ends. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-166bce41-f4ba-4c2c-ad61-a00246bff9d4-dTqUhS74TFHn8UyB8b7wgeelDHCZBT.mp4 2026-11-13T16:55:15.755Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/beschermde-diersoorten-in-nederland-18802026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/beschermde-diersoorten-in-nederland-18802026 Beschermde diersoorten in Nederland, 1880–2026 Waar leefden 29 wettelijk beschermde (en deels uitgestorven) diersoorten in Nederland, van de eerste beschermingswet in 1880 tot nu? LEESWIJZER • Grijs = de soort komt er voor, maar is op dat moment niet wettelijk beschermd. • Kleur = de soort is wettelijk beschermd. Bruin, oranje en geel: landzoogdieren (de wolf is zwart, de vleermuizen zijn grijspaars) · blauw: zeezoogdieren · roze, rood en paars: vogels · groen: reptielen en amfibieën · blauwgroen: vissen · magenta: grote vuurvlinder. • Vlak verdwijnt = de soort is uit Nederland verdwenen. • Spelden = gebeurtenissen (laatste broedgeval, uitzetting, eerste terugkeer). Klik erop voor uitleg. • Tip: zet in de legenda soorten uit en aan om er één te volgen. De mol (beschermd 1917–1963 en 2002–2017) en de vleermuizen (1880–1914 en opnieuw vanaf 1973) leven in bijna het hele land: het land kleurt mee met hun status. Rivierdonderpad en bittervoorn worden in 2017 grijs: ze golden niet meer als bedreigd en gingen van de lijst (net als de kleine modderkruiper, die hier niet is getekend). WETTELIJKE MIJLPALEN 1880 wet voor 'nuttige dieren' (o.a. vleermuizen) · 1912 Vogelwet · 1914 vleermuizen verliezen bescherming · 1917 Mollen-, egels- en kikvorschenwet · 1942 jacht op de otter verboden · 1947 das beschermd via de Jachtwet (onbejaagbaar vanaf 1948) · 1962 zeehondenjacht gesloten · 1963 mol en egel verliezen bescherming · 20 okt 1973 soortenlijst Natuurbeschermingswet (o.a. vleermuizen, hamster, bruinvis, tuimelaar, alle reptielen en amfibieën, tien vissen, vliegend hert, grote vuurvlinder) · 1994 bever en steur (Habitatrichtlijn) · 2002 Flora- en faunawet · 2017 Wet natuurbescherming · 2024 Omgevingswet · 2026 wolf van 'strikt beschermd' naar 'beschermd' (blijft op de kaart). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-22c6b557-eccc-4639-a563-12d341e07469-BRfWvp43ZEFMfGblMcnL7pqaYrs9kM.mp4 2026-11-11T18:13:37.592Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/how-the-netherlands-rose-from-the-sea-500-bc2026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/how-the-netherlands-rose-from-the-sea-500-bc2026 How the Netherlands Rose from the Sea, 500 BC–2026 2,500 years of the Dutch coast: how the peat bogs behind the dunes sank and drowned, how storm floods cut out the Zuiderzee, the Dollard, the Biesbosch and the drowned lands of Zeeland, and how the land was won back with dikes, windmills, steam pumps, the Zuiderzee Works and the Delta Works. How to read it: grey is the water of the time and white the land of the time, so the coastline you see is the coastline of that year. Colour marks today's land that was won from the water, by period: green before 1250, yellow 1250–1600, orange 1600–1850 (starting with the Zijpe, 1597), red 1850–1950, purple after 1950. Pins and dots tell the floods (blue), the dikes and dams (brown) and the drainages (green). Method and limits: the coast is known for seven reference dates from the paleogeographic maps of Vos et al. (500 BC, AD 100, 800, 1250, 1500, 1850, 2000). In between, every piece of drowned or reclaimed land is switched at the date of its flood, dike or drainage; pieces without a known date change at a default year (1700 or 1876), and a polder emerges gradually between two keyframes. The 1953 flood extent is schematic (traced from a small-scale map, 2–3 km off in places). River meanders and small peat lakes are not drawn. The Marker Wadden rise in two steps (the main island in 2016, the other islands by 2022) and the Hedwigepolder turns back into water in 2022; the Zandmotor (2011) is too small to draw and only shows as a bulge in the coast. Sources: Vos et al., paleogeographic maps of the Netherlands (Deltares/RCE); Provincie Zeeland, Cultuurhistorische hoofdstructuur (polders by embankment period); Mapbox Streets (today's water); OpenStreetMap (Knardijk, Marker Wadden, Hedwigepolder; ODbL); 1953 flood extent after Lencer, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.5; Wikipedia (en, nl) on the floods, droogmakerijen, Zuiderzee Works and Delta Works. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-a137f5d9-39fd-418d-995b-31fab6e7bb25-CxDRh1WqcnPHPxh6rXdTomBIPwwTEx.mp4 2026-10-31T14:35:19.505Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/mills-against-the-water-windmills-pumping-stations-and-floods-in-the-netherlands-14002026 2026-11-15 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/mills-against-the-water-windmills-pumping-stations-and-floods-in-the-netherlands-14002026 Mills Against the Water: Windmills, Pumping Stations and Floods in the Netherlands, 1400–2026 Six centuries of pumping the Netherlands dry, and of the floods that came anyway. Orange patches are fields of polder windmills: the darker, the more mills per 100 km². Every small dot is a pumping station, in the year it was founded: red for steam, purple for diesel and gas, teal for electric, grey where the register does not say. Green areas are lakes and peat pits pumped dry (droogmakerijen), in three shades for the windmill era, the steam era and the electric era. Grey is the water of the time, so the coast and the lakes you see are those of that year. Blue pins are floods and high water, dark pins the machines, green and brown pins the drainages and dikes. The bar at the top counts polder windmills standing against pumping stations founded. What it shows: wind kept the west dry from the 15th century. By 1700, 1,196 polder windmills are on record, most of them in Holland and Utrecht. The cadastre of 1832 gives the first nationwide picture: 4,242 polder windmills. 2,691 of them, nearly nine in ten in Friesland and most of them small, enter the record only then. About 1,000 are gone from the record again by 1850; with new building the number returns to 3,947 around 1880. Steam was tried from 1776 but took off only after the Haarlemmermeer (1852): 398 steam stations are on record, 232 of them founded in the 1870s and 1880s and 262 in Noord- and Zuid-Holland. The small mills of the north held out until diesel and electricity arrived: between 1920 and 1932 the number of polder windmills standing fell from 3,186 to 960. By 1939 more pumping stations had been founded than polder windmills were left; today 417 complete polder windmills stand, about a tenth of the number around 1880. Scale changed with the power source. In the lakes drained in the windmill era the heritage agency records one mill for about every 120 hectares; the Haarlemmermeer (182 km²) was emptied by three steam stations and the Noordoostpolder (480 km²) is kept dry by three diesel and electric ones. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-3a69fce6-e2b5-49fc-a0b6-0c439746eb29-OTOvsJxxQwg9LdZa9IT6kDlWmhUPGB.mp4 2026-11-13T17:40:58.824Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/who-came-first-where-tweede-kamer-elections-by-gemeente-19372025 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/who-came-first-where-tweede-kamer-elections-by-gemeente-19372025 Who came first where: Tweede Kamer elections by gemeente, 1937–2025 Which party got the most votes in each gemeente, at every Tweede Kamer election from 1937 to 2025. Each colour is a party; a patch is every gemeente where that party came first, drawn on the gemeente borders of that election year (so you also see the many mergers: about 1,056 gemeenten in 1937, 342 today). How to read it • "Came first" means the largest party in that gemeente, not a majority. In 1956 the winner had more than half of the votes in 486 of the 1,004 gemeenten; in 2025 it had less than a quarter in 294 of the 342. • The map shows land, not voters: a village counts as much as Amsterdam and covers more ground. So the biggest colour is not always the party that won the election. The PvdA got the most votes in 1952, 1956, 1971, 1972, 1977, 1982 and 1994 and D66 in 2025, while the KVP, the CDA or the PVV came first in more gemeenten. How the colours were chosen • Each party gets its own colour where it has one (Wikipedia infobox or party brand). • When two parties' colours were close, the older party keeps it and the newer party gets a shade of it (e.g. SDAP keeps red; CPN, PvdA, SP and GL-PvdA get darker, lighter or crimson-rose reds; CHU keeps dark blue, so PVV becomes a darker navy and NSC a steel blue). • Parties without an established colour (RKSP, KVP and a few small ones) get a colour no other party on the map uses. • GroenLinks-PvdA has two colours (green and red); red is used because the greens belong to the older D66 and GroenLinks. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-bfab73cf-3fb9-48c5-b63a-133c7fd95162-mcV0aegCNYPjOxTC3GbbLuiT0k3SX5.mp4 2026-11-12T20:23:59.766Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/carbon-vs-prosperity-co2-emissions-and-wealth-by-country-18502022 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/carbon-vs-prosperity-co2-emissions-and-wealth-by-country-18502022 Carbon vs Prosperity: CO2 Emissions and Wealth by Country, 1850–2022 How much carbon does prosperity cost? Each country is coloured by two figures at once: its income per person (the bluer, the richer) and its CO₂ emissions per person (the more orange and red, the more it emits). From 1850 to about 1980 the two rise together: Britain, then the United States, then most rich countries turn dark, and in 1980 17 of the 23 rich countries emit more than 8 tonnes a person. Then they come apart. In 2022, 37 of the 59 rich countries are below 8 tonnes, among them Britain, France, Germany and the Netherlands, while the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan and the Gulf states are still above it. China is by then above 8 tonnes at a middle income, and India is still just under 2. How to read it: the block of nine colours in the South Atlantic is the key. To the right is richer: GDP per person under $5,000, $5,000–20,000, over $20,000. Upward is more CO₂ per person: under 2 tonnes, 2–8 tonnes, over 8 tonnes. Cream is poor with low emissions, light blue is middle income with low emissions, mauve is middle income with medium emissions, brick red is middle income with high emissions, blue is rich with medium emissions and dark plum is rich with high emissions. No colour means no figures. Hover over or tap a country for its name. The bar at the top shows what the whole world emits in a year: it keeps growing, from 0.2 billion tonnes in 1850 to 37.5 billion in 2022. Between 1950 and 2022 the world's average income went up 5.0 times and its CO₂ per person 2.0 times; CO₂ per dollar fell from 0.71 to 0.28 kg. Method: today's borders, also for the past; the class limits are the same in every year. The map ends in 2022, the last year of the Maddison income figures; the emission figures run to 2025. GDP is in international dollars of 2011, corrected for inflation and purchasing power. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-c4d2888a-55a3-4f75-b2a9-1747b3980837-tvDCwEy9FWhGz7kf06HQsIjVQQKchC.mp4 2026-11-11T18:05:20.578Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/napoleons-rise-and-fall-17931821 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/napoleons-rise-and-fall-17931821 Napoleon's Rise and Fall, 1793–1821 From the siege of Toulon in 1793 to his death on St Helena in 1821: how Napoleon Bonaparte's wars redrew Europe, from the sister republics and the Empire at its 1811 peak (annexed départements, Bonaparte kingdoms, the Rhine Confederation) to the retreat from Moscow and the settlement of 1815. The gold dot is Napoleon himself; the dark blue disk is the main French field army, its area proportional to its strength, so you can watch the Grande Armée melt away in Russia. The bar at the top counts estimated military deaths (killed, died of wounds, disease, exposure and in captivity) on each side, by whom a soldier fought for at the time: about 1.4 million for France and its allies and 1.6 million for the Coalition by the end of 1815, each with a wide error band (1.0–1.9 and 1.2–2.3 million). Civilians are not in the bar; estimates run from 0.75 to 3 million. Occupation zones (French and Coalition) show where armies held ground for weeks or more. Sources: Wikipedia and national-language articles on each treaty, campaign and battle; French annexation decrees; German borders from Cantoni, Mohr and Weigand, Princes and Townspeople (Harvard Dataverse, CC0); other borders built from Natural Earth admin-1 units; casualties from G. Bodart, Losses of Life in Modern Wars (1916), F. Prinzing, Epidemics Resulting from Wars (1916), M. Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts, B. Urlanis and J. Houdaille, apportioned per campaign. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-46201503-c99a-425e-83cb-dba169ffd348-GqlmWuRV1b1ajN9jfHJNmGFg6G8y4N.mp4 2026-11-11T22:46:01.766Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/sinterklaas-to-santa-the-bearded-gift-bringers-3432026 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/sinterklaas-to-santa-the-bearded-gift-bringers-3432026 Sinterklaas to Santa: the bearded gift-bringers, 343–2026 Who brings the presents? One 4th-century bishop, Nicholas of Myra, and what Europe and then the world made of him. The pale ochre wash is the saint's cult, spreading from Lycia through Byzantium, to Bari (1087) and across Latin and Orthodox Christendom; it is switched off after 1535 to keep the map readable (the veneration itself went on). Purple is Nicholas as a children's gift-bringer on 5/6 December, from the monastery and cathedral schools of northern France and the Rhineland (12th century), reaching the Low Countries by the 14th, to Sinterklaas, Nikolaus, Mikuláš and Mikołaj. From c. 1535 Luther promotes the Christ Child (yellow), which first takes the Protestant north and then, in the 19th and 20th centuries, drifts to the Catholic south while the Weihnachtsmann (orange) takes its place. Green is England's Father Christmas, a spirit of feasting who only starts bringing presents when he merges with the American Santa (red) from the 1850s, settled by the 1880s. Santa himself is made in New York between 1809 and 1823 by writers reviving Dutch Sinterklaas. Further layers: the Nordic Yule Goat and the tomte or nisse that replaced it, Père Noël and his namesakes in Europe and overseas (pink), Ded Moroz (blue; banned in 1928–29, back with the New Year tree in 1935–37 and exported to the Soviet bloc, in a lighter blue west of Russia), Greece's Agios Vasilis, the Basque Olentzero, and Krampus (dark red outline), the horned companion of St Nicholas in the Eastern Alps and the old Habsburg lands. How to read it: overlapping outlines are figures that share a country, such as Nikolaus on 6 December and the Christkind on the 24th. In the Netherlands and Belgium Sinterklaas is the solid colour and the Kerstman or Père Noël a faint red wash: he came later and is the lesser figure for children, although Dutch adults now spend more on Christmas presents than on Sinterklaas (PwC, 2021). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-0337daf0-91c6-48e4-b3a5-2b5a69897939-sy1B7alZx83Ux2Z0yMi92gEq7gehwU.mp4 2026-11-11T18:08:04.919Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-dutch-colonial-world-1588today 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-dutch-colonial-world-1588today The Dutch Colonial World, 1588–today The Dutch overseas world from the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1588) to the Kingdom of the Netherlands today: the trading posts and conquests of the VOC and WIC in Asia, Africa and the Americas, the colonial state of the 19th century and decolonisation after 1945. It was an empire of trade and of force. Dutch ships carried well over half a million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic, and the pins also mark the depopulation of Banda (1621), slavery and its abolition (1863) and the Indonesian war of independence (1945–49). How to read it: orange is Dutch-held land (VOC, WIC, state). Lighter orange marks the Boer republics founded by Dutch-descended settlers, and Luxembourg in personal union. When land changes hands it briefly takes the new ruler’s colour (red Britain, blue France, green Portugal, teal Koxinga, purple Japan, magenta Indonesia, light blue UN, dark green Suriname, black Belgium) before fading out. Blue pins are voyages of exploration, dark red pins failed expeditions and disasters, black pins slavery, colonial violence and the end of empire; small brown dots are trading posts. Limits: borders are approximations drawn on modern Natural Earth boundaries, and trading forts are small circles, so at world scale most possessions are specks: zoom in. Land that was only claimed (New Guinea from 1828) has the same orange as land that was governed. Java and Sumatra in 1946–49 are drawn coarsely at three moments (1946, after the Dutch offensives of July 1947 and December 1948); after December 1948 the Dutch held the towns and roads, while Republican guerrillas held much of the countryside. The German occupation of the Netherlands (1940–45) is not drawn. Sources: Natural Earth; general histories of the VOC/WIC (e.g. Gaastra, Den Heijer, Boxer). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-e86cd0e1-955f-41e6-9b1c-b87d89d850e1-UC9u81BR1aCCwYiHV8GrX0EmvHI78C.mp4 2026-10-23T23:50:40.200Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-northern-wars-of-the-witcher-saga-12391268 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-northern-wars-of-the-witcher-saga-12391268 The Northern Wars of the Witcher Saga, 1239–1268 Thirty years in which the Nilfgaardian Empire swallows the south and twice crosses the Yaruga, after Andrzej Sapkowski's Witcher books: Ebbing annexed in 1239, Emhyr var Emreis on the throne in 1257, the fall of Cintra and the two battles of Sodden in 1263, then the Second War from the Thanedd coup of July 1267 through Aldersberg and Brenna to the Peace of Cintra on 2 April 1268. Each colour is a kingdom; the dark empire grows from the south. Moving blocks are armies, arrows are invasions. Books only: the third war of the games and the Netflix series are not shown. Sapkowski never published a map, so every border here is an interpretation on a fan-made basemap. The years of the conquests between 1239 and 1257 are estimates, and before July 1267 the books give years, not months. The map opens in 1238, the year before the first conquest. Unofficial fan map; not endorsed by Andrzej Sapkowski or CD PROJEKT RED. Sources: Andrzej Sapkowski, the short stories (Sword of Destiny) and the novels Blood of Elves, Time of Contempt, Baptism of Fire, The Tower of the Swallow and The Lady of the Lake; Witcher Wiki (fan wiki that cites the books), used as the summary. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-94a3115c-ce53-4f0a-81d0-6403c6b02d8e-Ia99pznhB05Lzmn6FUlC7kRsDYieQW.mp4 2026-10-31T20:31:58.935Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/south-america-from-the-wars-of-independence-to-today-18082026 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/south-america-from-the-wars-of-independence-to-today-18082026 South America: from the wars of independence to today, 1808–2026 In 1808 South America belonged to two crowns: Spain's viceroyalties and Portugal's Brazil. Napoleon's invasion of Iberia broke both. This map follows what came next, year by year through the wars of independence (the juntas of 1810, the royalist reconquest, San Martín over the Andes, Bolívar from the Orinoco to Potosí, Ayacucho) and then through two centuries of republics: Gran Colombia and the Peru–Bolivian Confederation breaking up, Uruguay born as a buffer state, Paraguay cut down in 1870, Bolivia losing its coast and Peru its nitrate south to Chile, the conquest of Patagonia, Araucanía and the Chaco, Acre, Panama, the Chaco War, the Rio Protocol and the Falklands. How to read it: gold is the Spanish Empire (land held by royalist armies) and dark green is Portuguese Brazil. Every republic then gets its own colour, and so do short-lived states such as the Federal League of Artigas, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation (brown), the Riograndense Republic and the State of Buenos Aires. Grey is indigenous land beyond state control. Pins mark battles, treaties and declarations; dots are smaller events. Limits: territories follow modern provincial borders with hand-drawn cuts where the old line ran elsewhere. Colours show who actually held the land where that is known (royalist or patriot armies, occupations); in the empty Amazon they follow the generally mapped claims, and the indigenous south is shown as free until the state conquered it. Small disputes (Amapá, Pirara, Palmas, the Beagle islands, Essequibo) appear as markers only. Frontier lines in the pampas and the pre-war lines in the Chaco and the upper Amazon are approximate. Sources: Wikipedia articles on the Spanish American wars of independence and on each war, treaty and arbitration named in the markers; Natural Earth borders. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-379200dc-7a97-45a7-b983-0f5befc77bfa-tacKDc6o910NBwOppKwkWQKwfBqrMy.mp4 2026-10-13T21:13:28.104Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-british-empire-16001997 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-british-empire-16001997 The British Empire, 1600–1997 From one colony on the James River to a quarter of the world's land, and back to a handful of islands: four centuries of British rule overseas, coloured by the kind of rule. Trading companies came first (the East India Company in Bengal, the Hudson's Bay Company in the Canadian north); the Crown took over; settler colonies became self-governing dominions; and after 1947 almost every territory became independent, most of them inside the Commonwealth. The peak is 1921, between the League of Nations mandates and the Irish Free State. What remains today are the British Overseas Territories, from Bermuda and Gibraltar to the Falklands and Pitcairn. How to read it: dark red is the United Kingdom itself, red its colonies and Crown possessions, ochre chartered company rule, orange protectorates and princely states, purple the self-governing dominions, teal mandates and trust territories, blue-grey occupied or jointly administered land, and pale green independent Commonwealth members. Pins and dots mark foundings, wars, treaties and independence days. Limits: territories follow modern borders, and small islands and ports are drawn as disks so they stay visible at world scale. Early colonies show roughly the settled or garrisoned area, not charter claims. Dominions count as independent from the Statute of Westminster (1931), although Australia and New Zealand adopted it later. Indian princely states are approximated by modern states. Informal influence (Oman, Afghanistan, Persia, treaty ports in China) is left out. Sources: Wikipedia articles on the individual territories, the Statute of Westminster and the member states of the Commonwealth; Natural Earth borders; continental divide (Oregon Country) from HydroBASINS (Lehner & Grill 2013). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-9963f076-bcfc-4953-8a0e-002fba5ffe79-hLGytqzvyY31WRc2r6uN8Ndol3YxfA.mp4 2026-10-12T20:59:48.314Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/friesland-through-the-ages-12-bc-2019 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/friesland-through-the-ages-12-bc-2019 Friesland Through the Ages (12 BC – 2019) Two thousand years of Friesland and the Frisian coast: the Roman-era Frisii, the Frisian kingdom of Radbod and its defeat by the Franks, Viking rule, the 'Frisian Freedom' without a lord, the Saxon takeover of 1498, the Guelders wars of Grutte Pier and Charles of Egmond (1514–1524), the Habsburg lordship, the Republic, the French years and the modern province, officially called Fryslân since 1997. How to read it: blues are the Frisians west of the Lauwers (the kingdom, Westergo, Oostergo, later the lordship and province); purples are Zevenwouden, the Stellingwerven and the bishop of Utrecht; greens are the Frisian lands east of the Lauwers, Groningen and Guelders; orange is Holland and the states that grew out of it; red is Rome and, after 1498, Saxon rule; tan is the Frankish realm, later the Empire and Germany. The blue-grey wash shows sea and lakes of the time where there is land today: the Middelzee, the growing Zuiderzee, the Lauwerszee. Small dots are side events: hover or tap them. Limits: borders before 1500 are approximate (tribal areas, Frisia Magna, the three Frisian lands); the Guelders–Habsburg front of 1515–1523 is a reconstruction by grietenij and town from the chronicles; later borders follow the 30 grietenijen and 11 cities. The last keyframe is 2019, the year of the latest municipal merger. Sources: paleogeographic maps of Vos et al. (RCE/Deltares, CC BY 4.0); HALC 1500 parish atlas; NLGIS municipal boundaries (Boonstra, CC0); BKG VG250; Wikipedia (Frisian Kingdom, Radbod, Lex Frisionum, Rorik, Battle of Warns, Pier Gerlofs Donia, Wijerd Jelckama, Gelderse Oorlogen, Lordship of Frisia, Frise department); Worp van Thabor via toenentoen.nl; De Langen & Mol, De Vrije Fries 100 (2020). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-78fa7100-2ba8-4a6a-aa33-7aa0b7a48677-fx7XG46WVLyZ9wHQ32lg9Y7SOvXZdl.mp4 2026-10-21T20:59:30.210Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-disappearance-of-the-aral-sea-19602026 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-disappearance-of-the-aral-sea-19602026 The disappearance of the Aral Sea, 1960–2026 In 1960 the Aral Sea, on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, was the fourth-largest lake in the world: about 67,600 km² of brackish water with a fishing fleet, canneries and more than a thousand islands. From the early 1960s Soviet irrigation schemes took the water of its two rivers, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, to grow cotton and rice in the desert. The sea fell, from the mid-1970s by more than half a metre a year, split into a northern and a southern lake around 1989, and its southern part broke up further. Since 2005 the Kokaral dike has held the North Aral at about 42 m and its fish have come back; the South Aral is a narrow, very salty western basin and a shallow eastern basin that is now dry in most years. In September 2026, the last frame, about 4,900 km² of open water was left, 7% of the 1960 sea. The pale shape is the sea of 1960, now mostly dry seabed; islands are drawn in the same colour. The blue is the water in each year, at the late-summer low (every frame is dated 1 September). 1960–1987 are reconstructions: each shore is the contour of the Copernicus 90 m elevation model, measured in 2011–2015 when the old seabed was dry, at the sea level published for that year (53.4 m in 1960, 42.75 m in 1984, 40.19 m in 1987, Baltic datum). 1989–2021 come from Landsat: water that was present all year in the JRC Global Surface Water yearly classification (v1.4); cells without images take their state from the neighbouring years, and 1985, 1988, 1995 and 1997 are left out because too few images exist. For 1986 and 1987 that classification counts a shallow belt along the south and east shores as seasonal water, which puts its year-round water almost on the shore of 1989. Those two frames are therefore the contour (41.02 m and 40.19 m) joined with the Landsat water: about 2,900 km² more than Landsat alone in 1986 and 2,000 km² more in 1987; their North Aral is the Landsat water. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-af6acb32-1d8b-416e-9ba3-35e5896bb402-AN2SxmIMdRy1a4T50ok7YByQbkrbnR.mp4 2026-11-10T20:14:53.084Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/swedens-deer-on-the-move-one-year-of-migrations 2026-11-14 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/swedens-deer-on-the-move-one-year-of-migrations Sweden's deer on the move: one year of migrations A typical year for Sweden's deer family, shown as one year from July to June: reindeer (pale blue), moose (orange; elk in British English), roe deer (green), red deer (red) and fallow deer (purple). This is a model, not tracking data: herds are placed and moved using published ranges, distances, directions and dates, each region in step, and the shapes are smoothed. The dates stand for a typical year, not for counts made in 2025–26. Every herd of the model stands for a few hundred to a thousand animals and is drawn as a cloud of dots; lighter dots are the ones that migrate. Reindeer (about 227,000 in winter, all herded by the Sámi samebyar) spend summer in the high mountains, rut and are rounded up in autumn, trek 70–275 km south-east to the forest lands in November–December (often partly by lorry today) and walk back to the calving lands in April–May. Moose (about 300,000) are partial migrants. In the north most of them move up the river valleys toward the mountains in spring (late April–May, ~65 km on average, up to 210 km) and come back down when the snow gets deep, from late November to January; further south fewer move, and shorter distances (13 km in central Sweden, under 10 km in the south). Their spring crossing of the Ångermanälven at Kullberg is the scene of SVT's slow-TV broadcast The Great Moose Migration (Den stora älgvandringen). Roe deer in the snowy north move down the valleys toward the coast for the winter (elsewhere about one in five shifts a few km, too little to see here), red deer stags walk to their rutting grounds in September–October, and fallow deer stay put. Limits: the value of a dot differs per species, so dot density cannot be compared between species. Gotland has no moose; its roe deer, released in the 1980s, are shown as residents. In the inland far north (north of about 66°N) roe deer are too few to show. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-72ee621b-48d6-4dae-bf3f-cf1e183fc684-YTaDGHbnNCviX2p5j1FPmzJhDnunzV.mp4 2026-11-06T21:57:41.552Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/spanish-and-portuguese-america-14921826 2026-11-13 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/spanish-and-portuguese-america-14921826 Spanish and Portuguese America, 1492–1826 The Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas, from Columbus's first landfall to the surrender of the last Spanish garrisons at Callao and Chiloé: how Spain and Portugal conquered Middle and South America, and how their empires broke up into new states. The Aztec and Inca empires fall within fifteen years of each other; silver towns, missions and cattle ranches then push the frontier outward for three centuries, while the Dutch, French and English take islands and coasts. Bourbon Spain splits Peru into three viceroyalties; after 1808 juntas, royalist reconquests and the campaigns of Bolívar and San Martín redraw the map almost every year. How to read it: Spain's lands are coloured by viceroyalty: New Spain red, Peru orange, New Granada yellow and the Río de la Plata brown; pale gold is Crown land outside a viceroyalty (everything before 1535/42, and Cuba and Puerto Rico after 1821). Portuguese Brazil is green, the Dutch lilac, France light blue and England pink. The native states have dark colours: the Aztec Triple Alliance, the Maya states, the Inca Empire, the Mapuche lands and one brown layer for the others (Taíno, Purépecha, Tlaxcala, Muisca, Tairona and more). In the wars of independence royalist-held land keeps its viceroyalty colour and patriot-held land takes the colour of the later state: Mexico (insurgents 1810–21, empire 1821, republic 1823), Colombia (the Venezuelan and New Granadan patriots, united in 1819) and the others; the Free Province of Guayaquil (1820–22) has its own colour until Bolívar annexes it to Colombia. The map shows effective control, not claims: land that was conquered, settled, garrisoned or missionised. Unconquered regions (Amazonia, the Chaco, Patagonia, the Mapuche lands, the far north of New Spain) stay empty, and the line of Tordesillas (1494: Portugal east, Castile west) shows what the treaties said instead. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-ceff09b7-6a51-4a3d-bea5-edffee959b8a-TLkIbOoHrq1ZhYWqEwGmKyjnLLgtTe.mp4 2026-10-13T21:31:22.758Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/gelre-and-gelderland-ad-1002026 2026-11-13 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/gelre-and-gelderland-ad-1002026 Gelre and Gelderland, AD 100–2026 How Gelderland took shape. The story starts on the Roman Rhine frontier, with the Franks, Frisians and Saxons and the Frankish gouwen. A small county named after Geldern on the Niers grew north across the Rhine: Zutphen (c. 1138), the Veluwe (1182) and Nijmegen (1247–48) made the Duchy of Guelders (Gelre in Dutch) and its four quarters. Charles of Egmond held out against Burgundy and Habsburg and for a time ruled Groningen, Drenthe, much of Friesland and Utrecht, while his marshal Maarten van Rossum sacked The Hague (1528) and marched on Antwerp and Leuven (1542). In 1543 Guelders passed to Charles V. The Revolt split it: the three lower quarters became a province of the Dutch Republic, Upper Guelders stayed Spanish and was divided in 1713, and Geldern itself is German today. The Disaster Year 1672, the French period, the border treaty with Prussia (1816–17), the battles of 1944–45, Elten (1949–63) and the 1986 border change at Asperen bring it to the present province. How to read it: shades of green are Guelders and its four quarters. A grey-purple tint marks Burgundian rule over the whole duchy (1473–77), a golden tint Habsburg rule (1481–92 and from 1543). Purple is the Burgundian Netherlands, gold the Habsburg, Spanish and Austrian Netherlands, orange the Dutch Republic and the later Netherlands, blue France, grey Prussia and Germany. The dark green disc of 1527–43 is the army of Maarten van Rossum. Limits: borders are built from the municipalities of 1812 (modern municipalities in Germany and Belgium), so they are accurate to a few kilometres; neighbouring states are drawn coarsely, and early medieval borders are reconstructions. Sources: NLGis municipal borders 1812–1997 (O.W.A. Boonstra, DANS, CC0); © GeoBasis-DE / BKG (VG250); Statbel/geoBoundaries; A. Schoemaker, Gelre en zijn grenzen (historischetopografie.nl); G.H.A. Venner, De overheidsinstellingen van Spaans en Oostenrijks Gelre; Neue Deutsche Biographie (Geldern, Grafen und Herzöge); M. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-770cc703-4f47-4331-93d0-4ae49091667a-3WhDGquA55DSl5GfQlCDzM9CsnuIsf.mp4 2026-10-21T21:50:28.651Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/covid-19-from-wuhan-to-the-world-20192023 2026-11-13 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/covid-19-from-wuhan-to-the-world-20192023 COVID-19: from Wuhan to the world, 2019–2023 How COVID-19 spread from a pneumonia cluster in Wuhan to every country, and how variants then took turns sweeping the world. Part 1 (Dec 2019 – Aug 2020) colours each country (provinces in China, regions in Italy, states in the US) by new confirmed cases per million in the 14 days before each date, on a scale from tan to red; a country first appears as a circle around the city of its first confirmed case and is filled in once it reaches 10 new cases per million in 14 days. Part 2 (Oct 2020 – May 2023) has a different legend: each country takes the colour of the variant that made up most of its sequenced samples in the previous four weeks; countries with too few sequences stay uncoloured. Pins mark the main events; small dots mark the first case in each country, lockdowns, outbreaks and the start of vaccination. The bar counts reported COVID-19 deaths worldwide (6.9 million by May 2023). Limits: confirmed cases depend on testing and undercount real infections, especially early on and in countries that tested little. Reported deaths undercount too: the WHO estimates about 14.9 million excess deaths for 2020–21 alone, nearly three times the reported number. Part 2 shows which variant dominated, not how many cases there were. Sources: WHO COVID-19 dashboard and Our World in Data (cases, deaths); JHU CSSE (China, Taiwan; also France, Montenegro, Kosovo, Ivory Coast, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, where the WHO series has gaps in 2020); The New York Times (US states); Protezione Civile (Italy); CoVariants.org / GISAID (variants); Wikipedia (first cases, events). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-1e37589b-5f7a-4ff9-969d-b2a99cb43ce3-5vxjX1CXm0e24AfDwwigX56kluXnHf.mp4 2026-10-09T17:27:51.475Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/from-serbia-to-yugoslavia-and-back-1804today 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/from-serbia-to-yugoslavia-and-back-1804today From Serbia to Yugoslavia and back, 1804–today How the lands of the South Slavs moved from Ottoman and Habsburg rule to an independent Serbia, then to Yugoslavia, and finally to the seven states of today. The map starts with the First Serbian Uprising of 1804, follows Serbia's autonomy (1815–30), independence (1878) and expansion in the Balkan Wars (1912–13), the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918), the Axis partition of 1941, socialist Yugoslavia (1945–91), and its break-up from 1991. Only the territory of the former Yugoslavia is shown, coloured by who ruled each part. One layer follows Serbia through all its forms and changes colour with them: red for rebel and independent Serbia, a lighter red for the autonomous principality, blue for Yugoslavia, plum for the Federal Republic of 1992–2006, and grey while the country is occupied in the two world wars. Notes on accuracy: historical borders are reconstructed from modern municipal boundaries, so lines are approximate (to the nearest municipality). The 1804–1813 rebel extents and the 1941 occupation zones are simplified, and the 1943 Italian capitulation and Partisan-held territory are not shown. In the Napoleonic years Dalmatia and Venetian Istria belong to Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy (from 1806), the Bay of Kotor is held by Russia (1806–07), the Republic of Ragusa lasts until 1808, and the Illyrian Provinces of the French Empire take in the lands south of the Sava from 1809 until the Austrian reconquest of 1813–14. From 1945 the former Italian areas appear as administered by Yugoslavia or by the Allies (Zone A of the Morgan Line) until the Paris peace treaty came into force in 1947; the Koper–Buje area (Zone B of the Free Territory of Trieste) stays under Yugoslav military administration until the London Memorandum of 1954. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-35bec958-50e4-414f-b26d-7cd82bc7f922-2JZ0qE08pZUKQrkpWdKqpCmXBOoTpf.mp4 2026-10-29T16:32:40.450Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/sea-ice-at-its-extremes-19792026 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/sea-ice-at-its-extremes-19792026 Sea ice at its extremes, 1979–2026 Every winter the seas around the poles freeze, and every summer they thaw again. This map shows both ice caps at their extremes in every year of the satellite record, 1979–2026, as two polar discs side by side: the Arctic on the left, the Antarctic on the right. Each frame is one year: for each pole the winter maximum (blue) and, inside it, the summer minimum (white), each on its own date. The blue band between them is the ice that comes and goes with the seasons. The shapes wobble from year to year, so the trend is easier to read in the numbers. The orange line never moves: it is NSIDC's median ice edge of 1981–2010 for the month of the summer minimum (September in the Arctic, February in the Antarctic), a fixed yardstick for the white ice. Every caption gives the Arctic summer minimum of that year in million km², followed by the Antarctic winter maximum or, in a record year, by the record. The Arctic summer ice has shrunk the most: its September minimum averaged 7.0 million km² in 1979–1988 and 4.5 million km² in 2017–2026, with the record low of 3.39 million km² in 2012. The winter maximum fell less, from 16.2 to 14.7 million km². The Antarctic held steady for decades and reached its largest maximum, 20.16 million km², in 2014; since then it has dropped sharply: in 2023 both the summer minimum (1.85 million km²) and the winter maximum (17.07 million km²) were the lowest on record. Pins mark each new record. Records are counted from 1985, when the series was six years long (the first one shown is 1986), and only when a year beats the old record by more than 0.025 million km²; smaller differences count as a tie. The records that still stand are large pins, the ones since broken are dots. The 2026 Arctic maximum (14.29 million km²) is such a tie with the 2025 record (14.31). The bar at the top compares the two September extremes, the Arctic minimum and the Antarctic maximum. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-11394ab1-42ea-45fe-96e5-6105e280dce4-DiBeqRYRsJnD3BmeO2UYXaotmvn3Sb.mp4 2026-10-15T19:05:24.041Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-scramble-for-africa-18701914 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-scramble-for-africa-18701914 The Scramble for Africa, 1870–1914 In the 1870s European powers held about a tenth of Africa, all of it near the coasts; by 1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia were still independent. This map follows the partition in 52 keyframes: the British occupation of Egypt (1882), the Berlin Conference (1884–85) and Leopold II's Congo Free State, Ethiopia's victory at Adwa (1896), Omdurman and the Fashoda crisis (1898), the Boer War (1899–1902), the Herero and Nama genocide (from 1904) and the partition of Morocco (1912). How to read it: a dark colour is land a power actually controlled; a light wash of the same colour is what it only claimed by treaty. The wash lies over the African states, which keep their own colours until they are conquered: Asante, Sokoto, the Mahdist state, Samori's Wassoulou, the Zulu and Ndebele kingdoms and some twenty others, with smaller polities grouped as "Other African states and polities". Land without any colour is not empty: no state or power that the map draws held it yet. Limits: treaty dates and claim lines are firm, but how far control reached between forts and posts is an estimate. Liberia is drawn in its modern borders plus the coasts it gave up in 1885 and 1892 (not its lost hinterland claims), offshore islands are left out, and the map stops on 28 July 1914. Sources: T. Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa (1991); Cambridge History of Africa vols 6 and 7 (1985–86); J. Herbst, States and Power in Africa (2000); E. Hertslet, The Map of Africa by Treaty (3rd ed. 1909); Wikipedia articles on the campaigns and treaties; state outlines from Cliopatria (Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0); Natural Earth. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-d9dce0d4-3a1f-405e-8a39-871275a42ee9-X1We32UPDGo4ApFtvbdWtoXXn49btC.mp4 2026-10-31T15:02:23.919Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/brabant-through-time-tribes-duchy-and-provinces-57-bc-2026 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/brabant-through-time-tribes-duchy-and-provinces-57-bc-2026 Brabant Through Time: Tribes, Duchy and Provinces (57 BC – 2026) Brabant has been three different things under one name: a Frankish pagus between the Scheldt and the Dijle, a duchy (1183–1795) that reached from Nivelles to 's-Hertogenbosch, and since 1815 a set of provinces in two countries: Noord-Brabant, Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Walloon Brabant and Brussels. The map follows its pieces (districts and quarters, later arrondissements) from the Nervii and the counts of Leuven through Burgundy, the Habsburgs, the Dutch Revolt and the split of 1648, the French départements and the Belgian Revolution to the three-way split of 1995. How to read it: colours show who ruled each piece: brick red the dukes of Brabant, purple Burgundy, gold Habsburg and Austria, green Spain, orange the Dutch States and the Netherlands, blue France, crimson the United Belgian States and Belgium. After 1989 and 1995 the successors get a tint of their own: Brussels blue-violet and Walloon Brabant ochre, while Flemish Brabant and Antwerp stay crimson. Neighbours are pale. In the legend every piece of the duchy has the brick-red dot, whatever its colour on the map at that moment; 'Held by …' are the parts of a piece under another ruler. Pins mark the events that moved a border or changed the ruler (click one to read it); the small dots are people, culture and side events (hover or tap them). Limits: borders before about 1100 are indicative reconstructions from dioceses and rivers. Borders from 1183 to 1795 are built from the parishes of the Historical Atlas of the Low Countries (situation 1500); later borders from Belgian NIS municipality codes and Dutch municipalities. Small or short-lived changes are simplified. Sources: Historical Atlas of the Low Countries and the Duchy of Brabant GIS collection (R. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-c903a6ec-4db8-4c2f-8f7f-67733252ef84-v9hR8jWLNoQPRcsm9lYNgEv81RmOZq.mp4 2026-10-21T21:01:35.070Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/italian-maritime-republics-their-overseas-empires-10001797 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/italian-maritime-republics-their-overseas-empires-10001797 Italian Maritime Republics & Their Overseas Empires, 1000–1797 How Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi built and lost their overseas empires, from Doge Pietro II Orseolo's Dalmatian expedition in 1000 to Napoleon's end of Venice and Genoa in 1797. Colours: crimson = Venice (dark = Dogado & Terraferma, light = vassals & family lordships such as the Duchy of the Archipelago); blue = Genoa (light = family lordships: Zaccaria, Gattilusi, Doria, Lomellini); green = Pisa; gold = Amalfi. Notes: ports and fortresses (Modon, Caffa, Pera, Famagusta…) are drawn as enlarged circles so they stay visible; Venice and Genoa only controlled the town and its immediate hinterland. Trading quarters inside foreign cities (Constantinople, Acre, Tana) are markers. Borders are approximate; dates of contested places are rounded to the nearest keyframe. The map follows the four classic republics; Ragusa (under Venice 1205–1358), Ancona, Gaeta and Noli are left out. Sources: Wikipedia articles Stato da Màr, Genoese colonies, Genoese Gazaria, Republic of Pisa, Maona of Chios and Phocaea, Gattilusio, Triarchy of Negroponte, Dalmatia under Venetian rule, Frankokratia; Gullino, 'Le frontiere navali' and Arbel, 'Colonie d'oltremare' in Storia di Venezia (Treccani, 1996); Crowley, City of Fortune (2011); Natural Earth coastlines. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-5e205c91-6662-45ed-8b96-edeb4c4ad62e-jh698ZybCu9nTTPSQteCxxb5puSbWE.mp4 2026-11-06T21:51:46.124Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-wars-of-the-roses-14551487 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-wars-of-the-roses-14551487 The Wars of the Roses, 1455–1487 Thirty years of civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York, told through the moving armies. Every march, landing, flight and battle from the First Battle of St Albans (1455) to Stoke Field (1487) is followed day by day where the chronicles allow it: 1470, 1471 and 1485 have near-daily itineraries, and in 1471 even the hours are known. Each army is a stitched token that slides along its route, with the road it took behind it; hover a token to see whose army it is. Between dated stops the roads are reconstructed along Roman roads and the Great North Road. The coloured counties are a reconstruction of whose affinity dominated in each phase: loyalty followed lords and the person of the king, not borders. Red is Lancaster, blue is York, gold is Warwick and Clarence in 1469–70, orange marks the risings of 1470 and 1483, green is Tudor and grey-violet is Scotland. Castles that held out (Harlech, Alnwick, Bamburgh, Dunstanburgh, St Michael's Mount) are small patches of their own colour. Dates are Julian, as in the sources; where the sources disagree on a date or a battle site, the marker says so. Many stops between the documented ones are estimates, and the clock times are approximate. Sources: the Arrivall of Edward IV, Warkworth, Gregory's Chronicle, Vergil, the Chronicle of the Rebellion in Lincolnshire, the Herald's Memoir, the Paston letters and CSP Milan; Scofield, Life and Reign of Edward IV; Ashdown-Hill's itinerary of Edward IV; the Tewkesbury Battlefield Society daily series; Battlefields Trust; Historic England registered battlefields; historyofwar.org; Wikipedia. County borders: Historic County Borders Project (https://www.county-borders.co.uk). https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-1b1a5676-54c3-498a-8f12-428208476f70-6dH9NhXNZByWP23cjyeWXIJNNo0eqm.mp4 2026-10-22T22:08:50.007Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/england-on-the-continent-10661558 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/england-on-the-continent-10661558 England on the Continent, 1066–1558 From Hastings to the fall of Calais: how the kings of England, from the Normans and Plantagenets to the Tudors, won and lost half of France. A Norman duke takes England in 1066; Henry II joins Normandy, Anjou and Aquitaine into the Angevin Empire; John loses most of it in 1204; the Hundred Years' War brings the high tides of Brétigny (1360) and Troyes (1420) and the collapse that leaves only Calais in 1453. Wales and Ireland follow the same kings. How to read it: bright red is the land the kings of England hold in France, dark red is England with English-held Wales and Ireland, and pink is land they hold only as overlord. Dark blue is the French royal domain, light blue the other fiefs of the French crown, teal Brittany and purple the Burgundian state; native Wales is yellow and Gaelic Ireland green. Orange marks Normandy or Anjou under a duke who was not England's king (1066, 1087–1106, 1144–54). Limits: the map shows actual control, not treaty claims; borders follow modern départements and counties, so they are approximate; apanages of royal princes count as royal domain; lands outside the French kingdom are left blank except the Burgundian state; single castles and towns holding out inside the other side's country are not drawn; the Anglo-Irish earldoms that slipped from crown control are shown as Gaelic Ireland. Scotland is shown only as a neighbour: the Wars of Independence are not drawn. After 1453 the steps are fewer: the end of Burgundy (1477), Senlis (1493), Henry VIII's Tournai (1513–19), the union of Brittany (1532) and Boulogne (1544–50); Tournai and Boulogne are drawn as rough circles around the towns, as the limits of the English zones are not known. Sources: Wikipedia in English and French (Angevin Empire; Treaty of Paris 1259; Treaty of Brétigny; Hundred Years' War; Treaty of Troyes; Pale of Calais; Lordship of Ireland; Conquest of Wales by Edward I; Burgundian State); the Gascon Rolls Project; the Magna Carta Project; Natural Earth admin boundaries. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-cf8a8245-6157-49cc-9e0b-f4337cdd9c8f-vNZDxFntxl9FlDD4CXaM6C1dRQ2o3H.mp4 2026-10-11T21:00:42.538Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/dutch-cities-grow-13002025 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/dutch-cities-grow-13002025 Dutch cities grow, 1300–2025 How the towns and cities of the Netherlands spread across the land, from the walled towns of 1300 to the sprawling urban regions of today. Colours show when each part of a town was built: dark red for the medieval core, through orange to pale yellow for the districts of the last 30 years. Grey-violet marks ports, heavy industry and Schiphol. For five centuries growth was slow and stayed inside town walls. Holland's towns boomed after the fall of Antwerp in 1585 and in the Golden Age, then barely grew for almost 200 years. Only after the Fortress Act of 1874, the railways and industrialisation did cities break out of their ramparts. The real explosion came after 1945: in 80 years the built-up area of the country grew several times over, first as garden cities around the big cities, then as planned growth towns (Zoetermeer, Nieuwegein, Almere, Lelystad) and finally as VINEX districts built right against the existing cities. Method: town outlines up to 1850 come from the paleogeographic maps of the Netherlands by Vos and colleagues (RCE): about 20 towns around 1250 (shown at 1300), about 180 around 1500 and the larger towns around 1850. Growth between the 1500 and 1850 outlines is kept only where buildings from before 1870 still stand (so bare bastions drop out) and is dated per town from the Monumenten Inventarisatie Project and town histories; Amsterdam's expansions of 1585, 1613 and 1658–63 follow its CBS districts. From 1850 on, the map uses the construction year of every building in the national building register (BAG, 11.3 million buildings): on a 100 m grid, land counts as built-up once the footprints of buildings standing today and built by that year cover enough of it, and a cluster is drawn once it reaches about 1 km². https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-a65d9c04-d554-4986-a918-4285a3f6cb9f-3Ky682VB0sfi1qox5lG3iaqrwgdgtC.mp4 2026-10-23T16:07:04.509Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-making-of-south-africa-14882026-african-peoples-colonies-and-republics 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-making-of-south-africa-14882026-african-peoples-colonies-and-republics The Making of South Africa, 1488–2026: African Peoples, Colonies and Republics How the lands of the San, the Khoikhoi and the Bantu-speaking kingdoms became South Africa, Lesotho and Eswatini, from the first clash with Portuguese sailors (1488) and the Dutch fort of 1652 to the democracy of 1994 and the coalition politics of today. The map ends on 8 November 2026, with the results of the municipal elections. See the Cape frontier roll east through nine Frontier Wars with the Xhosa, the Khoikhoi and San lose the west, the Mfecane and the Great Trek remake the interior, Moshoeshoe save Lesotho, the Zulu and Pedi kingdoms fall in 1879, Union in 1910, and the 1913 reserves harden into apartheid homelands. How to read it: colours show who held the ground. An African people or kingdom keeps its colour until its land is conquered, annexed or settled; African states that held out inside colonial claims (Pedi, Venda, Ndzundza Ndebele, Swazi, Basotho) stay until they fell. Before colonial rule a people’s land is a zone around its known homesteads, with edges drawn along rivers and escarpments where they can be: an approximation, as borders were zones of shared use and smaller groups are merged with neighbours. Colonial borders follow the lines of the time where they are known (the Fish, Keiskamma and Kei rivers, Macartney’s boundary of 1798, the Orange River line of 1847, the Warden line, the Lesotho border of 1869, the provinces of 1910 and 1994); the Cape’s frontier of settlement before 1780 is drawn from descriptions and is approximate. The Dutch called the Khoikhoi “Hottentotten” and the San “Bosjesmans”; both names are now offensive. Red = British, orange = Dutch, greens and gold = Boer republics, grey = Union and apartheid Republic, sea-green = democratic South Africa, pink = protectorates. African peoples: tan = Khoikhoi, olive = San, teal = Xhosa, Thembu and Mpondo, blue = Zulu, Swazi and Ndebele, brown = Sotho, Tswana, Pedi, Venda, Tsonga and Griqua; khaki = reserves and homelands. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-c70f9f7f-9a8a-42c3-b72b-c56c11ebee45-j3poHmTtFhRHlU2tcq5xeQiqnTHNhk.mp4 2026-11-08T22:08:39.456Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/offshore-wind-in-the-north-sea-and-baltic-19912026 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/offshore-wind-in-the-north-sea-and-baltic-19912026 Offshore wind in the North Sea and Baltic, 1991–2026 Every offshore wind farm in the North Sea and the Baltic, shown in the year it first fed power to the grid, from Vindeby's eleven small turbines off Lolland in 1991 to the gigawatt farms of today. Farms are coloured by that year: dark blue is oldest, pale blue newest. The last frame (6 November 2026) adds farms under construction (amber) and approved but not yet built (grey). Capacity grew from 5 MW in 1991 to 1.1 GW in 2008, 10.3 GW in 2016 and 34.7 GW at the end of 2025. Each caption names the largest farm that started that year and gives the total. One counting rule is used throughout: a farm counts at its full size from its year of first power, and farms that were dismantled are taken off again (Beatrice Demonstrator 2015, Yttre Stengrund 2016, Vindeby 2017, Utgrunden I 2018, Blyth 2019). Large farms take a year or two to finish, so these totals run ahead of official statistics: 32.8 GW at the end of 2024 against about 31 GW counted as connected by WindEurope. Scope: the North Sea with the Skagerrak and Kattegat, and the Baltic with its gulfs. Farms in the Irish Sea, the Channel and on the Atlantic coast are left out, as are inland farms (IJsselmeer, lakes, Limfjord) and single-turbine prototypes. Farm areas are the licensed sites. So that every farm shows at sea-basin scale, none is drawn smaller than 10 km across, farms above about 260 MW get 0.3 km² per MW (a rounded outline around the site), and a faint ring in the farm's colour widens small farms to about 26 km; the largest farms keep their true outline. Data to 31 October 2026 for farms feeding power; farms being built or approved are a snapshot of 6 November 2026 and change every few months. Sources: EMODnet Human Activities, Offshore Wind Farms (CC BY 4.0); Marine Regions IHO sea areas; WindEurope and EWEA annual offshore wind statistics (check of the totals); operators, energy agencies and trade press for dates and sizes. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-55303b59-3282-4738-84ca-a9a3d8a54ed1-4mIBthbEYV0LtqjPt5qA6KrpX4u7HD.mp4 2026-11-06T20:57:16.714Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/wijn-bier-of-wodka-europa-1800heden 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/wijn-bier-of-wodka-europa-1800heden Wine, beer or vodka? Europe's drinking belts, 1800–today Which drink leads in each country of Europe, from 1800 to today? Red = wine, yellow = beer, blue = spirits (vodka, genever, akvavit, schnapps, rakija). A country takes the colour of the drink with the largest share of the pure alcohol drunk there. In 1800 that gives three belts: wine in the south, beer in the middle, spirits in the north and east. After 1960 the belts dissolve, mostly in favour of beer. How to read it: borders are today's, for readability; Turkey and the Caucasus are left out and Russia is shown up to the Urals. The year of a switch is rounded to the nearest frame. The leading drink often has only 35–45% of the total, so a switch can rest on a few percentage points. From 1960 the colours follow the WHO figures mechanically: five-year averages around each frame (2022–2024 for the last one), and a country changes colour only when another drink is at least 3 points ahead, so near ties keep the earlier colour. Kosovo and Liechtenstein have no figures of their own in the WHO data and are coloured like Serbia and Switzerland. Not every switch fits in a caption: 1960 also turns Luxembourg to wine and Cyprus to spirits, 2000 moves eleven countries at once, and after 2000 the Baltic states swing between beer and spirits by a few points. Limits: before about 1890, and for Eastern Europe and the Balkans before 1960 (Serbia and Montenegro until 2005), there are hardly any reliable figures; those colours are informed estimates. Regional differences (Moselle and Palatinate wine, the beer country of northern France, Bavarian beer while Prussia drank schnapps) disappear in national averages. Close calls: wine and beer have been level in the United Kingdom since about 2013, and beer and spirits in Russia since about 2017; both keep their earlier colour. Sweden follows its national sales series (CAN), which keeps spirits ahead in the 1970s where WHO has beer. Recorded sales miss home distilling, smuggling and cross-border shopping. Data to 2024. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-99c988b5-5213-4718-a72e-cdb31e5988df-o0c4J5JfzR3wGDr0ueQzEEvfq1wsjR.mp4 2026-10-23T10:28:59.421Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/when-europe-switched-to-the-gregorian-calendar-15821923 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/when-europe-switched-to-the-gregorian-calendar-15821923 When Europe switched to the Gregorian calendar, 1582–1923 In October 1582 Catholic Europe skipped ten days. The rest of the continent took 340 years to follow: province by province and city by city, with some places switching back to the Julian calendar for a while. Colours show when a place's civil calendar became Gregorian, from deep red (1582) through ochre (the Protestant states of 1700) to grey-green (the Orthodox east after the First World War). Grey: Sweden's own calendar of 1700–1712, one day ahead of the Julian. Unpainted land still counts in Julian (or other) dates. A switch happened overnight, so the map draws it in one short step from a keyframe on the eve of the change; the caption gives the exact day. How it is drawn: civil use, not church use. Dates are placed on today's map: German, Austrian, Czech, Polish, Swiss and Low Countries land in small modern districts that follow the ruler of the day (borders taken from the Holy Roman Empire map on this site), the rest in modern provinces and countries, so borders are approximate. A change of ruler does not undo a switch unless a source says the Julian calendar came back. Captions give the first day of the new calendar, in new-style (Gregorian) dates; where only a year is given, the day is not known or the change followed a change of ruler. Not drawn: the Kyiv lands of Poland–Lithuania, and France's Republican calendar of 1793–1805 (a pin only). Turkey switched its days and months in 1917 and its year count in 1926. Sources: Grotefend, Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung (1941); Blackburn & Holford-Strevens, The Oxford Companion to the Year; Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (HLS); KNAW Digital Science History Centre; Szulc (2011) on Poland–Lithuania; Białuński (2021) on Ducal Prussia; Scheutz on the Habsburg lands; Beyer on the Swedish calendar; R. Poole, 'Give us our eleven days!' (Past & Present, 1995); Wikipedia's list of adoption dates, checked against these. Where they disagree, the sources above win (e.g. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-5b42dd35-8f7a-445b-b01f-a18d48c55754-EOANGoo0nBn8nufGYR4BJ40eat6Rfc.mp4 2026-11-06T21:51:07.076Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/where-elephants-and-mammoths-lived-21000-years-ago-to-today 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/where-elephants-and-mammoths-lived-21000-years-ago-to-today Where elephants and mammoths lived, 21,000 years ago to today Where elephants and their mammoth cousins lived in the wild, from the peak of the last Ice Age (about 21,000 years ago) to today. Colours show the species: woolly mammoth (orange, extinct about 4,000 years ago), Columbian mammoth (red) and its dwarf relative the pygmy mammoth of the Channel Islands (yellow), both gone about 13,000–12,500 years ago; African savanna elephant (blue), African forest elephant (purple), North African elephant (pink, extinct by the 4th century AD) and Asian elephant (green, including the extinct Syrian and Chinese populations). White shows the ice sheets (Greenland's is still there). During the Ice Age, sea level was about 120 m lower; sand colour marks land that was dry then and is sea now (the Bering land bridge, the North Sea, the Sunda Shelf), and some ranges extend over it. Highlights: woolly mammoths shrank from a range spanning Europe, northern Asia and North America to two small islands (St Paul, about 5,600 years ago; Wrangel, about 4,000 years ago). Columbian and pygmy mammoths vanished about 13,000–12,500 years ago. Asian elephants once lived from Syria and the Yellow River to Java; today they hold perhaps 15% of that range. African elephants occupied almost all of Africa south of the Sahara (and the Sahara itself when it was green) until the ivory trade and farming fragmented their range from the 1800s on. Why the mammoths disappeared: as the climate warmed, forest and wet tundra replaced the cold, dry grassland (the mammoth steppe) they lived on, and human hunters put extra pressure on the shrinking populations. How much each cause counted is still debated. How to read the time slider: the map tool cannot store dates before 4713 BC, so the five Ice Age frames (21,000 to 9,000 years ago) are placed at 4700–4300 BC. Slider dates before 4050 BC are therefore not real dates and not to scale; the captions give the real ages. From 4050 BC (6,000 years ago) on, the slider shows real dates. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-527de524-fb89-49ac-af8e-7510c3cd09ca-S81KBv18N8r8L0Vn9vygoedw2atxnm.mp4 2026-10-23T14:54:33.601Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/europes-forests-14002025 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/europes-forests-14002025 Europe's Forests, 1400–2025 Where Europe's forests stood around 1400, where they were cleared, and what grew back. Greens show forest, coloured by natural forest zone from dark boreal conifers to light broadleaf; blue-green shows planted forest; rust shows land that was forest in 1400 and has since been cleared; sand shows land whose natural forest was already gone before 1400. The broad story: woods regrew after the Black Death and were then cut back for farmland, fuel, ships, glass and iron until the 1800s. Denmark was down to 2–3% forest around 1800, Ireland to about 1% and Britain to under 5% around 1900. Coal, forest laws, state planting and abandoned farmland turned the tide. On this map the forest area falls by about two-fifths between 1400 and 1900 and is back at about four-fifths of its 1400 size in 2025. This is a model, not a survey, but its last two frames are tied to satellite maps. National forest-cover totals for each date (national forest histories; Kaplan, Krumhardt & Zimmermann 2009; FAO and Forest Europe statistics for recent decades) are spread over a grid of about 5 by 9 km. In 2000 the forest stands where satellites saw trees (ESA CCI land cover 2000), region by region; in 2025 the change since 2000 is placed where ESA WorldCover 2021 sees trees. The 2025 frame rests on the latest statistics, not on a measurement made in 2025. The earlier frames run back from 2000: forest is taken away where the KK10 land-use reconstruction has farmland at that date and given back where farming spread later, and nowhere is forest cleared where KK10 has no farming, so Lapland, the White Sea coast and the far north stay wooded throughout. Before 2000, where a wood stands inside a country is the model's estimate: do not use the map to look up a parish. The forest zones are potential natural vegetation, drawn from climate and altitude: the trees that would grow there without people, not the trees that stand there now. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-f243c743-e31c-4420-b366-dcbe7182b4ed-u5dLXE93a9qMQdC4XuQ2uVRxrET5w4.mp4 2026-10-23T16:08:34.125Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/asian-tiger-mosquito-in-europe-region-by-region-19792026 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/asian-tiger-mosquito-in-europe-region-by-region-19792026 Asian tiger mosquito in Europe, region by region, 1979–2026 Region by region, the spread of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in Europe, from the first European record in Albania (1979) to 2026. The mosquito travels as eggs in used tyres and plant shipments and along motorways, and it can pass on dengue and chikungunya. The blue pins mark outbreaks in which local tiger mosquitoes spread a virus brought in by a traveller; the brown dots and pins mark the first record in each country. Each region (NUTS3: a French département, a Spanish or Italian province, a German district, a Swiss canton; where there is no NUTS, as in Bosnia, Ukraine, Russia and the Caucasus, an admin-1 unit) appears in the year of its first documented record. Amber: detected, not or not yet established. This includes finds that were later wiped out (Vrasene in Belgium, the Dutch lucky-bamboo sites, Kent): such a region stays amber to the end. Red: established, a population that survives the winter and breeds. A region turns from amber to red in the year a source dates the establishment. Pale red: established, but no dated first record was found: the region appears in the year of the earliest map or list that shows it, so its real first year is earlier. Read with care. A region is coloured as a whole even when only one town is affected, and outside the EU the regions are very large: one find at Sochi colours all of Krasnodar Krai. About 115 regions, most of them Italian provinces, have no dated first record. They appear (pale red, or amber if that source shows only a detection) in the year of the earliest source that shows them: Romi's list of Italian provinces infested by 2000, the Italian health institute's maps of published records, ECDC's first map of January 2008 (37 Italian provinces appear in 2007 for this reason alone) and the VectorNet and ECDC maps of 2014–2023. The mosquito reached them in that year or earlier. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-a842adbf-a80a-4e28-b004-f01dd3d785f1-V3Y6UM3DXbXPl5HaODmHTAKHUBm7mJ.mp4 2026-11-06T21:52:28.961Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-punic-wars-rome-against-carthage-264146-bc 2026-11-12 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-punic-wars-rome-against-carthage-264146-bc The Punic Wars: Rome against Carthage, 264–146 BC Three wars between Rome and Carthage turned the western Mediterranean into a Roman sea. The First Punic War (264–241 BC) was fought for Sicily, mostly at sea. In the second (218–201 BC) Hannibal marched from Spain over the Alps, destroyed Roman armies at the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae and stayed in Italy for fifteen years, until Scipio Africanus took Spain and defeated him at Zama. The third (149–146 BC) ended with the destruction of Carthage. How to read it: red is Rome, purple Carthage, teal Syracuse, gold Numidia; grey marks the Cisalpine Gauls and Macedon. The small dark discs are armies on the move: Hannibal's (dark purple) from Saguntum over the Alps to the Trebia, Trasimene, Cannae, southern Italy and Zama; Scipio Africanus' (dark red) from Tarraco to New Carthage, Ilipa, Sicily and Africa; and Regulus' short invasion of Africa (256–255 BC). Pins mark the battles and sieges, red for Roman and purple for Carthaginian successes; the purple dots of 218 BC follow Hannibal's march from New Carthage to the Po valley. Limits: borders are approximate. They are built from modern provinces and districts, so they follow the right regions but not the exact ancient lines, and the map has 35 keyframes, so changes between them are smoothed. Numidia is drawn as one kingdom, although until 203 BC it was two (the Masaesyli of Syphax in the west, the Massylii of Gala and Masinissa in the east). An army disc shows where the army was at each keyframe, not the road it took in between. Months and days of ancient events are approximate; army sizes are those of Polybius and Livy. Sources: the English Wikipedia articles on the three wars, their campaigns and battles, Masinissa and the Fossa regia (borders and army positions);Natural Earth (coastlines; modern provinces as building blocks); Cliopatria (Seshat Global History Databank, CC BY 4.0) for Macedon; dates and figures of the battles after Polybius and Livy, as given in the English Wikipedia articles on each event. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-9d3c3af1-6409-4ae9-b97f-f3dde4f7bc50-Xrd7l5Tul9DJuLbraUeJ1Gu14imptm.mp4 2026-11-04T06:22:49.505Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-black-death-13461353 2026-11-11 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-black-death-13461353 The Black Death (1346–1353) The first wave of the Black Death, from the Golden Horde in 1346 to Moscow in 1353, modelled from more than 680 dated places. The map is an arrival-time surface: settled land takes the colour of the half-year in which the plague reached it, and keeps it. How to read it: the map is drawn as a swarm of dots on a dark background. The colours run from magenta (1346) through red (1347), orange and amber (1348), yellow and lime (1349), green and turquoise (1350) and cyan (1351) to blue (1352–53). Dim grey marks regions with little or no recorded plague in this wave: Iceland, which was not reached, and Milan, the Kingdom of Poland, Silesia, Franconia (Nuremberg, Würzburg) and Finland. Land that stays dark has no evidence either way. Pin colours: white for a documented arrival, red for death tolls, violet for attacks on Jews, amber for the church and the flagellants, green for medicine and public health, blue for people and literature, teal for laws and the economy, grey for places with no recorded plague. Limits: between the documented places the fronts are modelled, not recorded, and land more than 150–200 km from any documented place or route is left empty. For Russia outside Pskov, Novgorod and Moscow the chronicles give only the year. Scholars disagree about several early dates (Bordeaux, Oslo, Baghdad) and about how far Poland was spared. Sources: O. J. Benedictow, The Black Death 1346–1353 (2004; 2021); J.-N. Biraben (1975); M. W. Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East (1977); the Christakos et al. (2005) city table as published by Jedwab, Johnson & Koyama (2023, Harvard Dataverse); EpiMedDat; Roosen & Curtis (2018); Guzowski (2021); Izdebski et al. (2022); the chronicles and town records named in the pins; Natural Earth 10m land. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-434f487d-1b23-4522-b613-4791b76a27fb-MiOPAQeNHi0RYQtsCemT8EXZg1LpCr.mp4 2026-02-26T21:45:16.388Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/europe-18151914-empires-and-nation-states 2026-11-11 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/europe-18151914-empires-and-nation-states Europe 1815–1914: Empires and Nation States From the Congress of Vienna to Sarajevo: a century of nationalism redraws Europe. Italy and Germany unite out of a patchwork of kingdoms and duchies, the multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire is pushed out of the Balkans by new nation states (Greece, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Albania), and the Austrian Empire becomes the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. 54 moments show the treaties, wars, revolutions and uprisings in between. How to read it: every state has its own colour. A brick-red overlay marks land held by a foreign army; a violet overlay marks uprisings and revolutionary zones. Border bands show the Zollverein (1834–66) and the North German Confederation (1867–71). Pins give the events. Limits: the Ottoman Empire's Asian and African lands and the Caucasus are outside the map, so changes there (Kars and Batum in 1878) are not shown. Front lines, occupation and uprising zones are approximate. Sources: OpenHistoricalMap (CC0) borders where available, otherwise modern provinces (Natural Earth) and Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0); the treaties from Vienna (1815) to Bucharest (1913), among them Adrianople (1829), London (1832, 1839, 1864, 1913), Zurich and Turin (1859–60), Vienna, Gastein and Prague (1864–66), Frankfurt (1871), San Stefano and Berlin (1878), Constantinople (1881, 1897, 1913); event details from Wikipedia and standard histories. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-085b5866-f9f3-4ce2-b9a2-3006094d85dd-zGifXfWRCbuwkKWktaGYVe6rF8Kw1N.mp4 2026-10-06T13:56:42.903Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-great-war-europe-and-the-middle-east-19141919 2026-11-11 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-great-war-europe-and-the-middle-east-19141919 The Great War – Europe and the Middle East 1914–1919 Who held which land, from the shots in Sarajevo (28 June 1914) to the end of 1919, in 34 keyframes. Every front is followed: the Western Front, the Eastern Front and the Great Retreat, the Isonzo and the Piave, Serbia and Salonika, Romania, Gallipoli, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Palestine and the Arab Revolt. Then comes the collapse of four empires: Brest-Litovsk, the armistices, the new states from Finland to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Allied Rhineland, the Polish, Baltic, Hungarian and Russian wars and the treaties of 1919. How to read it: the Central Powers are warm colours (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria), the Allies cool colours, and a country is grey while it is neutral. A pale tint of a power's colour marks land occupied by its army (German-occupied Belgium, Russian-occupied Galicia, British-occupied Mesopotamia). Pins mark declarations of war, battles, revolutions, armistices and treaties. Limits: Russia is shown west of the Urals; Persia, the Arabian interior and the colonies are not shaded. Front lines are approximate (about 2–10 km, more in deserts and in the Russian Civil War), and where only towns were held (the Italian zone around Antalya, Cilicia) whole districts are shaded. Sources: OpenHistoricalMap (CC0) and Natural Earth for borders; treaty texts and official histories; Western Front checked against the Cartographie 1914-1918 daily maps; events from 1914-1918-online, firstworldwar.com and Wikipedia. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-79737c15-da0f-4665-a40f-173abd26a11a-wz7cZcD3DD31WdxVXbQOASo7m7R6y2.mp4 2026-09-30T20:29:38.528Z https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-sengoku-period-the-unification-of-japan-15601615 2026-11-11 monthly 0.7 https://www.movingpolygons.com/api/og/chrisjager/the-sengoku-period-the-unification-of-japan-15601615 The Sengoku period: the unification of Japan, 1560–1615 Fifty-five years of the Warring States period, from Okehazama (1560) to the fall of Osaka Castle (1615): how Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu forced a realm of rival daimyō into one. Each colour is a clan's domain, province by province and district by district; paler red = Oda allies and generals, pale gold = lords under Toyotomi rule, grey = smaller lords, leagues and temples. In 1600 the map splits into Ieyasu's Eastern army (light blue) and the Western army (wine red). The stitched tokens are the armies of the great campaigns. Dates are Julian before October 1582 and Gregorian after. Sources: M. E. Berry, Hideyoshi; J. Lamers, Japonius Tyrannus; G. Sansom, A History of Japan 1334–1615; Cambridge History of Japan vol. 4; S. Turnbull, The Samurai Sourcebook; Japanese Wikipedia province and castle articles. Borders: 『旧国・旧郡境界データセット』(CODH) 「幕末明治地勢地図境界データ」(人間文化研究機構)を加工, doi:10.20676/00000454, CC BY-NC 4.0. https://t3s0o0sophe9ewqv.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/video-preview-ba617c41-0b20-4462-ac36-0458c6b65ddd-6iBRz4NTAl2E9MFzhgGBG2rupoQncX.mp4 2026-10-31T14:20:43.866Z