# The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) > Interactive animated map on Moving Polygons by chrisjager, 1299 – 29 Jun 1939: 67 keyframes, 3 layers, 106 events. - Map: https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/the-ottoman-empire-12991923 - Article: [The Ottoman Empire: Six Centuries of Conquest, Rule, and Decline](https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/the-ottoman-empire-1299-1923) - Embed: `` - Last updated: 2026-09-30 ## About this map The Ottoman Empire from Osman's beylik (1299) to the Republic of Turkey (1923) and Hatay (1939). Red: direct Ottoman rule. Amber: vassal, tributary and autonomous lands. Dark crimson: the Ankara government and the Republic of Turkey. Borders adapted from Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0) with researched corrections. ## Timeline The map animates between these keyframes. | Date | What the map shows | | --- | --- | | 1299 | 1299 · Osman's beylik around Söğüt | | 6 Apr 1326 | 1326 · Orhan takes Bursa | | 2 Mar 1331 | 1331 · Nicaea (İznik) falls | | 1 Dec 1345 | 1345 · Karesi annexed | | 1 Oct 1354 | 1354 · Gallipoli and Ankara taken | | 26 Sep 1371 | 1371 · Maritsa: Edirne the new capital | | 9 Apr 1387 | 1387 · Thessalonica surrenders | | 15 Jun 1389 | 1389 · Battle of Kosovo | | 25 Sep 1396 | 1396 · Nicopolis: Bulgaria annexed | | 1400 | 1400 · Bayezid I at his peak | | 20 Jul 1402 | 1402 · Ankara: Timur restores the beyliks | | 5 Jul 1413 | 1413 · Mehmed I reunites the realm | | 9 Oct 1430 | 1430 · Thessalonica and Ioannina taken | | 10 Nov 1444 | 1444 · Battle of Varna | | 29 May 1453 | 1453 · Fall of Constantinople | | 30 May 1460 | 1460 · Serbia and the Morea annexed | | 1 Jul 1463 | 1463 · Trebizond, Lesbos and Bosnia | | 31 Dec 1475 | 1475 · Caffa, the Crimean coast and Karaman | | 25 Jan 1479 | 1479 · Venice cedes Scutari; Crimea a vassal | | 14 Dec 1503 | 1503 · Modon, Coron and Lepanto won | | 19 Sep 1515 | 1515 · Kemah, Dulkadir and Diyarbakır | | 10 Sep 1517 | 1517 · Syria, Egypt and the Hejaz | | 22 Dec 1522 | 1522 · Belgrade and Rhodes taken | | 29 Aug 1526 | 1526 · Battle of Mohács | | 30 Nov 1534 | 1534 · Baghdad; Zápolya's Hungary a vassal | | 29 Aug 1541 | 1541 · Buda becomes an Ottoman province | | 18 Oct 1552 | 1552 · Temesvár, Szolnok and Tripoli | | 29 May 1555 | 1555 · Peace of Amasya with Persia | | 7 Sep 1566 | 1566 · Szigetvár; Süleyman dies | | 1 Aug 1571 | 1571 · Cyprus conquered | | 13 Sep 1574 | 1574 · Tunis taken from Spain | | 21 Mar 1590 | 1590 · Peace with Persia: the Caucasus won | | 11 Nov 1606 | 1606 · Peace of Zsitvatorok | | 14 Jan 1624 | 1624 · Safavids take Baghdad | | 17 May 1639 | 1639 · Zuhab: Baghdad regained | | 27 Sep 1669 | 1669 · Candia falls: Crete conquered | | 18 Oct 1672 | 1672 · Podolia annexed | | 14 Jul 1683 | 1683 · The eve of the siege of Vienna | | 26 Jan 1699 | 1699 · Treaty of Karlowitz | | 7 Sep 1715 | 1715 · The Morea regained | | 21 Jul 1718 | 1718 · Treaty of Passarowitz | | 4 Oct 1727 | 1727 · Treaty of Hamadan: western Persia | | 18 Sep 1739 | 1739 · Treaty of Belgrade | | 21 Jul 1774 | 1774 · Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca | | 9 Jan 1792 | 1792 · Treaty of Jassy | | 28 May 1812 | 1812 · Treaty of Bucharest | | 5 Jul 1830 | 1830 · Algiers falls; Greece independent | | 14 May 1833 | 1833 · Kütahya: Egypt holds Syria | | 1 Jun 1841 | 1841 · Syria returned to the Sultan | | 30 Mar 1856 | 1856 · Treaty of Paris | | 21 May 1877 | 1877 · Russo-Turkish War; Romania independent | | 13 Jul 1878 | 1878 · Congress of Berlin | | 2 Jul 1881 | 1881 · Thessaly to Greece; Tunisia French | | 18 Sep 1885 | 1885 · Rumelia joins Bulgaria; Sudan lost | | 21 Dec 1898 | 1898 · Autonomous Crete | | 5 Oct 1908 | 1908 · Bulgaria independent; Bosnia annexed | | 18 Oct 1912 | 1912 · Libya lost; Balkan War begins | | 29 Sep 1913 | 1913 · Balkan Wars end; Edirne regained | | 18 Dec 1914 | 1914 · War: Cyprus and Egypt lost | | 15 Sep 1916 | 1916 · Russians in Erzurum; Arab Revolt | | 9 Dec 1917 | 1917 · Baghdad and Jerusalem lost | | 30 Oct 1918 | 1918 · Armistice of Mudros | | 10 Aug 1920 | 1920 · Sèvres; the Ankara government | | 20 Oct 1921 | 1921 · Treaties of Kars and Ankara | | 1 Nov 1922 | 1922 · Sultanate abolished | | 29 Oct 1923 | 1923 · Republic of Turkey proclaimed | | 29 Jun 1939 | 1939 · Hatay joins Turkey | ## Layers | Layer | First shown | Last keyframe | | --- | --- | --- | | Ottoman Empire | 1299 | 1 Nov 1922 | | Ottoman vassals & autonomous lands | 26 Sep 1371 | 18 Dec 1914 | | Ankara government / Republic of Turkey | 10 Aug 1920 | 29 Jun 1939 | ## Events - **1299, Osman I founds the Ottoman beylik**: Osman, a Turkoman chief at Söğüt on the Byzantine frontier in Bithynia, begins the conquests that give the dynasty its name; 1299 is the traditional founding date. - **27 Jul 1302, Battle of Bapheus**: Osman defeats a Byzantine force near Nicomedia, the first Ottoman victory over the empire; the Bithynian countryside is opened to Turkish settlement. - **6 Apr 1326, Bursa taken — the first Ottoman capital**: After a long blockade Bursa surrenders to Orhan, Osman's son; it becomes the first real Ottoman capital and the dynasty's burial place. - **2 Mar 1331, Nicaea (İznik) surrenders**: The old Byzantine capital of Nicaea falls to Orhan after a three-year blockade; Nicomedia (İzmit) follows in 1337. - **2 Mar 1354, Gallipoli — first foothold in Europe**: An earthquake ruins the walls of Gallipoli and Orhan's son Süleyman Pasha occupies the town, the Ottomans' first permanent base in Europe. - **1369, Adrianople becomes Edirne**: Adrianople falls to Murad I (c. 1369) and, as Edirne, becomes the Ottoman capital in Europe and the base for the Balkan conquests. - **26 Sep 1371, Battle of the Maritsa (Chernomen)**: Lala Şahin Pasha destroys the army of the Serbian lords Vukašin and Uglješa; the Serbian princes of Macedonia and Bulgaria's tsar become Ottoman vassals. - **9 Apr 1387, Thessalonica surrenders**: After a four-year siege the Byzantine city of Thessalonica surrenders to the Ottomans (it is briefly returned to Byzantium in 1403). - **15 Jun 1389, Battle of Kosovo**: Murad I defeats the Serbian coalition of Prince Lazar; both rulers die. Murad's son Bayezid I becomes sultan and Serbia an Ottoman vassal. - **25 Sep 1396, Battle of Nicopolis**: Bayezid I crushes the Franco-Hungarian crusade of King Sigismund on the Danube, confirming Ottoman control of the Balkans. - **20 Jul 1402, Battle of Ankara — Timur captures Bayezid**: Timur routs the Ottoman army and captures Bayezid I, who dies in captivity. Timur restores the Anatolian beyliks and Bayezid's sons fight an eleven-year civil war. - **5 Jul 1413, Battle of Çamurlu: Mehmed I reunites the realm**: Mehmed I defeats his brother Musa near Samokov and ends the Ottoman Interregnum as sole sultan. - **29 Mar 1430, Thessalonica taken from Venice**: Murad II storms Thessalonica, held by Venice since 1423; Ioannina submits the same year. - **28 Nov 1443, Skanderbeg's revolt in Albania**: Gjergj Kastrioti (Skanderbeg) deserts the Ottoman army and holds Krujë and much of Albania against the sultans until his death in 1468. - **10 Nov 1444, Battle of Varna**: Murad II defeats the crusade of King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary, who is killed; the last crusade to save Constantinople fails. - **29 May 1453, Fall of Constantinople**: Mehmed II storms Constantinople after a 53-day siege; the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI, dies and the city becomes the Ottoman capital, Istanbul. - **4 Jul 1456, Siege of Belgrade repulsed**: John Hunyadi and John of Capistrano defeat Mehmed II's attack on the Hungarian fortress of Belgrade, halting the Ottoman advance on Hungary for 65 years. - **20 Jun 1459, Smederevo falls: Serbia annexed**: The Serbian Despotate's capital surrenders and Serbia becomes an Ottoman province; the Morea follows in 1460. - **15 Aug 1461, Trebizond surrenders**: Emperor David surrenders Trebizond, the last Byzantine successor state, to Mehmed II. - **1 Jun 1463, Conquest of Bosnia**: Mehmed II overruns the Kingdom of Bosnia and executes its last king, Stephen Tomašević, at Jajce; Hungary retakes Jajce that winter and holds it until 1527. - **11 Aug 1473, Battle of Otlukbeli**: Mehmed II defeats Uzun Hasan of the Aq Qoyunlu near Erzincan, securing eastern Anatolia and the annexation of Karaman. - **6 Jun 1475, Caffa taken; Crimea becomes a vassal**: Gedik Ahmed Pasha captures Genoese Caffa and Mangup; the Crimean Khanate accepts Ottoman suzerainty and the south coast becomes an Ottoman province. - **23 Aug 1514, Battle of Chaldiran**: Selim I's artillery and Janissaries defeat Shah Ismail I; Tabriz is briefly occupied and eastern Anatolia is won for the Ottomans. - **24 Aug 1516, Battle of Marj Dabiq**: Selim I defeats the Mamluk Sultan al-Ghawri north of Aleppo; Syria and Palestine pass to the Ottomans. - **22 Jan 1517, Battle of Ridaniya: Egypt conquered**: Selim I defeats the last Mamluk sultan Tumanbay outside Cairo; Egypt falls and the Sharif of Mecca submits, placing the holy cities under the sultan. - **22 Sep 1520, Süleyman the Magnificent becomes sultan**: Süleyman I succeeds his father Selim I; his 46-year reign marks the height of Ottoman power. - **29 Aug 1521, Belgrade taken**: Süleyman captures Belgrade, the key of Hungary's southern defences. - **22 Dec 1522, Rhodes surrenders — the Knights leave**: After a five-month siege the Knights Hospitaller surrender Rhodes and depart, later settling on Malta. - **29 Aug 1526, Battle of Mohács**: Süleyman destroys the Hungarian army; King Louis II drowns in flight and Hungary is split between John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Habsburg. - **27 Sep 1529, First siege of Vienna**: Süleyman besieges Vienna but withdraws before winter; Zápolya rules Hungary as an Ottoman vassal. - **30 Nov 1534, Baghdad taken from the Safavids**: On the Irakeyn campaign Süleyman enters Baghdad without a fight; Iraq becomes Ottoman and Basra submits in 1546. - **28 Sep 1538, Battle of Preveza**: Hayreddin Barbarossa defeats the Holy League fleet under Andrea Doria, securing Ottoman naval dominance in the eastern Mediterranean for three decades. - **29 Aug 1541, Buda occupied**: Süleyman seizes Buda and makes central Hungary an Ottoman province; the infant John Sigismund's Transylvania becomes a vassal state. - **14 Aug 1551, Tripoli taken from the Knights**: Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis capture Tripoli from the Knights of Malta; it becomes the seat of an Ottoman province. - **29 May 1555, Peace of Amasya**: The first Ottoman–Safavid peace: the Ottomans keep Iraq and eastern Anatolia, Georgia is divided and Tabriz stays Persian. - **18 May 1565, Great Siege of Malta**: The Knights of St John under Jean de Valette hold Malta against a large Ottoman expedition, which withdraws in September. - **7 Sep 1566, Szigetvár falls; Süleyman dies**: Süleyman dies in camp during the siege of Szigetvár, defended to the last by Nikola Zrinski; the fortress falls the next day. - **1 Aug 1571, Famagusta falls: Cyprus conquered**: The Venetian garrison of Famagusta surrenders after an eleven-month siege, completing the conquest of Cyprus. - **7 Oct 1571, Battle of Lepanto**: The Holy League fleet under Don John of Austria destroys the Ottoman fleet; the navy is rebuilt within a year and Cyprus is kept. - **13 Sep 1574, Tunis and La Goulette taken**: Sinan Pasha and Uluç Ali capture La Goulette and Tunis from Spain; Tunisia becomes an Ottoman province. - **21 Mar 1590, Treaty of Constantinople with Persia**: Shah Abbas I cedes Tabriz, western Azerbaijan, Georgia, Shirvan and Luristan — the Ottomans' greatest extent in the east (treaty signed in Istanbul). - **26 Oct 1596, Battle of Mezőkeresztes**: Mehmed III's army routs the Habsburg-Transylvanian army after taking Eger during the Long Turkish War (1593–1606). - **21 Oct 1603, Shah Abbas retakes Tabriz**: Abbas I opens his counter-offensive; by 1607 Erivan, Ganja and Shirvan are also lost and the 1555 frontier is restored. - **11 Nov 1606, Peace of Zsitvatorok**: The Long Turkish War ends at the mouth of the Zsitva: the sultan treats the Habsburg emperor as an equal; Eger and Kanizsa stay Ottoman. - **20 May 1622, Osman II murdered by the Janissaries**: The young sultan, who planned to curb the Janissaries, is deposed and strangled — the first regicide in Ottoman history. - **14 Jan 1624, Safavids take Baghdad**: Shah Abbas I captures Baghdad after a revolt of its garrison; Iraq is lost for fifteen years. - **17 May 1639, Treaty of Zuhab**: Signed at Qasr-e Shirin, it gives Iraq to the Ottomans and Yerevan to Persia and fixes a frontier that lasts, with little change, until 1914. - **15 Sep 1656, Köprülü Mehmed Pasha grand vizier**: The aged Köprülü Mehmed takes office with full powers and restores the empire's finances and army; his family dominates the vizierate until 1683. - **27 Sep 1669, Candia surrenders: Crete conquered**: Francesco Morosini surrenders Candia after a siege of over 21 years, the longest in history; only three island forts stay Venetian. - **27 Aug 1672, Kamianets taken; Podolia annexed**: Mehmed IV captures the Polish fortress of Kamianets; by the Treaty of Buczacz (18 Oct) Poland cedes Podolia. - **14 Jul 1683, Second siege of Vienna**: Kara Mustafa Pasha besieges Vienna; on 12 September a relief army under Jan III Sobieski routs the Ottomans at the Kahlenberg, the start of the long retreat. - **2 Sep 1686, Buda retaken by the Holy League**: After 145 years of Ottoman rule Buda is stormed by an imperial army under Charles of Lorraine. - **11 Sep 1697, Battle of Zenta**: Prince Eugene of Savoy surprises Mustafa II's army crossing the Tisza and destroys it, forcing the Ottomans to make peace. - **26 Jan 1699, Treaty of Karlowitz**: The first great Ottoman cession: Hungary and Transylvania to Austria, Podolia to Poland, the Morea and inland Dalmatia to Venice (Azov to Russia in 1700). - **21 Jul 1711, Treaty of the Pruth**: Baltacı Mehmed Pasha surrounds Peter the Great's army on the Pruth; Russia gives back Azov. - **20 Jul 1715, The Morea reconquered**: Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha takes Nauplia and in a hundred-day campaign recovers the whole Morea from Venice. - **5 Aug 1716, Battle of Petrovaradin**: Prince Eugene defeats the grand vizier, who is killed; Temesvár falls in October and Belgrade in 1717. - **21 Jul 1718, Treaty of Passarowitz**: Austria gains the Banat, Oltenia and northern Serbia with Belgrade; Venice loses the Morea but keeps its Dalmatian gains. - **4 Oct 1727, Treaty of Hamadan**: Persia's Ashraf Shah recognises the Ottoman conquests of 1723–25 in western Iran and the Caucasus; Nader Shah retakes them by 1736. - **18 Sep 1739, Treaty of Belgrade**: Mediated by France, it returns Belgrade, northern Serbia and Oltenia to the Ottomans; Azov is demolished and ceded to Russia. - **7 Jul 1770, Battle of Chesma**: A Russian squadron from the Baltic burns the Ottoman fleet in Çeşme bay. - **21 Jul 1774, Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca**: Crimea becomes independent, Russia gains Kerch, Kinburn and Azov and access to the Black Sea, and claims a role as protector of the Orthodox. - **19 Apr 1783, Russia annexes the Crimea**: Catherine II annexes the Crimean Khanate, the first Muslim land lost by the Ottomans to a Christian power; the Porte accepts it in 1784. - **9 Jan 1792, Treaty of Jassy**: Russia gains Yedisan with Ochakiv; the Dniester becomes the frontier and the annexation of Crimea is confirmed. - **21 Jul 1798, Napoleon in Egypt: Battle of the Pyramids**: Bonaparte defeats the Mamluk beys and occupies Egypt; the French leave in 1801 after British and Ottoman landings. - **14 Feb 1804, First Serbian Uprising**: Karađorđe's revolt, begun at Orašac against the Janissary dahis, frees the Belgrade pashalik until the Ottomans reconquer it in 1813. - **9 Jul 1805, Muhammad Ali governor of Egypt**: The Albanian officer Muhammad Ali is confirmed as governor of Egypt; his dynasty rules Egypt as an autonomous Ottoman province until 1914. - **28 May 1812, Treaty of Bucharest**: Russia gains Bessarabia up to the Prut; Serbia is promised autonomy. - **23 Apr 1815, Second Serbian Uprising**: Miloš Obrenović's revolt at Takovo wins Serbian self-government; he is recognised as prince in 1817 and autonomy is confirmed in 1830. - **11 Sep 1818, Diriyah destroyed**: Muhammad Ali's son Ibrahim Pasha takes the Saudi-Wahhabi capital, ending the first Saudi state, which had held Mecca and Medina 1803–13. - **25 Mar 1821, Greek War of Independence**: The revolt proclaimed in the Peloponnese leads, with British, French and Russian intervention, to an independent Greek kingdom (1830–32). - **15 Jun 1826, The Janissaries abolished**: Mahmud II suppresses a Janissary revolt with artillery and dissolves the corps (the 'Auspicious Incident'), opening the way to a modern army. - **20 Oct 1827, Battle of Navarino**: A British, French and Russian fleet destroys the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet in Navarino Bay, deciding Greek independence. - **14 Sep 1829, Treaty of Adrianople**: Ending the Russo-Turkish war, it gives Russia the Danube delta and Akhaltsikhe, confirms Serbian autonomy and leads to Greek independence. - **5 Jul 1830, France takes Algiers**: A French army lands at Sidi Ferruch and the dey of Algiers capitulates, beginning the French conquest of Algeria. - **21 Dec 1832, Battle of Konya**: Muhammad Ali's son Ibrahim Pasha defeats the Ottoman army; by the Convention of Kütahya (May 1833) Egypt gains Syria and Adana. - **3 Nov 1839, The Tanzimat edict of Gülhane**: Abdülmecid I's decree promises security of life and property, fair taxation and equality before the law, starting the Tanzimat reforms. - **3 Nov 1840, Acre bombarded: Egypt leaves Syria**: British and Austrian ships bombard Acre under the London Convention; Ibrahim Pasha evacuates Syria, and Muhammad Ali receives Egypt as a hereditary governorship (1841). - **30 Nov 1853, Battle of Sinop — the Crimean War**: The Russian Black Sea Fleet destroys an Ottoman squadron at Sinop; Britain and France enter the war on the Ottoman side in 1854. - **30 Mar 1856, Treaty of Paris**: Ending the Crimean War, it returns southern Bessarabia with Izmail to Moldavia, neutralises the Black Sea and admits the Ottomans to the Concert of Europe (signed in Paris). - **9 Jun 1861, Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate**: After the 1860 civil war the Powers and the Porte make Mount Lebanon an autonomous province under a Christian governor, lasting until 1915. - **23 Dec 1876, The first Ottoman constitution**: Abdülhamid II promulgates a constitution and parliament; he suspends both in 1878 and rules autocratically for thirty years. - **20 Jul 1877, Siege of Plevna**: Osman Pasha holds Plevna for five months against Russian and Romanian armies before surrendering; the Russians reach the gates of Istanbul. - **13 Jul 1878, Congress of Berlin**: Serbia, Montenegro and Romania become independent; Bulgaria autonomous and Eastern Rumelia (Plovdiv) a self-governing province; Austria occupies Bosnia, Britain Cyprus, Russia takes Kars and Batum (signed in Berlin). - **13 Sep 1882, Tel el-Kebir: Britain occupies Egypt**: A British army crushes Urabi's revolt; Egypt stays nominally Ottoman under British occupation until 1914. - **26 Jan 1885, Khartoum falls to the Mahdi**: The Mahdist army storms Khartoum and kills Gordon; Egypt loses the Sudan. - **24 Jul 1908, Young Turk Revolution**: Officers of the Committee of Union and Progress in Macedonia force Abdülhamid II to restore the constitution. - **29 Sep 1911, Italo-Turkish War: Libya lost**: Italy invades Tripolitania and Cyrenaica and occupies the Dodecanese; the Treaty of Ouchy (18 Oct 1912) cedes Libya. - **3 Nov 1912, Siege of Edirne**: Bulgarian and Serbian troops starve Edirne into surrender in the First Balkan War; Enver Bey retakes it in July 1913. - **29 Oct 1914, The Ottoman Empire enters the First World War**: The fleet under Admiral Souchon raids Russian Black Sea ports; Russia, Britain and France declare war in early November. - **24 Apr 1915, Armenian Genocide**: The arrest of Armenian leaders in Istanbul begins the deportation and massacre of the Ottoman Armenians; about one million are killed. - **25 Apr 1915, Gallipoli campaign**: Allied landings on the Gallipoli peninsula are held by the Ottoman army, including Mustafa Kemal's division; the Allies evacuate in January 1916. - **29 Apr 1916, British surrender at Kut**: Townshend's besieged army surrenders to the Ottomans after 147 days. - **10 Jun 1916, Arab Revolt**: Sharif Hussein of Mecca rises against Ottoman rule; with British support the Arab army takes Aqaba (1917) and enters Damascus (1918). - **9 Dec 1917, Jerusalem surrenders**: Allenby's Egyptian Expeditionary Force takes Jerusalem, ending four centuries of Ottoman rule there. - **30 Oct 1918, Armistice of Mudros**: Signed aboard HMS Agamemnon at Mudros on Lemnos, it ends the Ottoman war; the Allies occupy the Straits and Istanbul. - **19 May 1919, Mustafa Kemal lands at Samsun**: Kemal begins organising national resistance four days after the Greek landing at Smyrna; the Turkish War of Independence starts. - **23 Apr 1920, Grand National Assembly opens in Ankara**: Deputies escaping the Allied occupation of Istanbul form a new government in Ankara under Mustafa Kemal. - **10 Aug 1920, Treaty of Sèvres**: The Sultan's government accepts the partition of Anatolia among Greece, Armenia, Italy, France and a Kurdish zone; the Ankara government rejects it and it is never ratified. - **23 Aug 1921, Battle of the Sakarya**: The Turkish army halts the Greek advance on Ankara in a 22-day battle; the Greeks withdraw to Eskişehir and Afyon. - **13 Oct 1921, Treaty of Kars**: Ankara and the Soviet Caucasian republics fix the eastern frontier: Kars and Ardahan to Turkey, Batum to Soviet Georgia. - **26 Aug 1922, Great Offensive: Dumlupınar**: The Turkish army breaks the Greek front; İzmir is retaken on 9 September and the Greek army leaves Anatolia. - **1 Nov 1922, The sultanate abolished**: The Grand National Assembly abolishes the Ottoman sultanate; Mehmed VI leaves Istanbul on a British warship on 17 November. - **24 Jul 1923, Treaty of Lausanne**: Signed in Lausanne, it recognises Turkey's independence and borders (with Imbros and Tenedos), abolishes the capitulations and provides for a Greek–Turkish population exchange. - **29 Oct 1923, Republic of Turkey proclaimed**: Ankara becomes the capital and Mustafa Kemal the first president; the caliphate is abolished on 3 March 1924. - **29 Jun 1939, Hatay joins Turkey**: The Sanjak of Alexandretta, autonomous as the Hatay State since 1938, is annexed by Turkey after an agreement with France.