# Napoleon's Rise and Fall, 1793–1821 > Interactive animated map on Moving Polygons by chrisjager, 19 Dec 1793 – 5 May 1821: 50 keyframes, 61 layers, 192 events. - Map: https://www.movingpolygons.com/map/chrisjager/napoleons-rise-and-fall-17931821 - Article: [Napoleon's Rise and Fall, 1793–1821: The Wars That Redrew Europe on One Animated Map](https://www.movingpolygons.com/blog/napoleon-rise-and-fall-map-1793-1821) - Poster, mug, shirt and more (coming soon): https://www.movingpolygons.com/shop/map/chrisjager/napoleons-rise-and-fall-17931821 - Embed: `` - Last updated: 2026-11-11 ## About this map From the siege of Toulon in 1793 to his death on St Helena in 1821: how Napoleon Bonaparte's wars redrew Europe, from the sister republics and the Empire at its 1811 peak (annexed départements, Bonaparte kingdoms, the Rhine Confederation) to the retreat from Moscow and the settlement of 1815. The gold dot is Napoleon himself; the dark blue disk is the main French field army, its area proportional to its strength, so you can watch the Grande Armée melt away in Russia. The bar at the top counts estimated military deaths (killed, died of wounds, disease, exposure and in captivity) on each side, by whom a soldier fought for at the time: about 1.4 million for France and its allies and 1.6 million for the Coalition by the end of 1815, each with a wide error band (1.0–1.9 and 1.2–2.3 million). Civilians are not in the bar; estimates run from 0.75 to 3 million. Occupation zones (French and Coalition) show where armies held ground for weeks or more. Sources: Wikipedia and national-language articles on each treaty, campaign and battle; French annexation decrees; German borders from Cantoni, Mohr and Weigand, Princes and Townspeople (Harvard Dataverse, CC0); casualties from G. Bodart, Losses of Life in Modern Wars (1916), F. Prinzing, Epidemics Resulting from Wars (1916), M. Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts, B. Urlanis and J. Houdaille, apportioned per campaign. ## Timeline The map animates between these keyframes. | Date | What the map shows | | --- | --- | | 19 Dec 1793 | Dec 1793 · Toulon retaken; Bonaparte rises | | 5 Oct 1795 | Oct 1795 · Vendémiaire; Belgium annexed | | 15 May 1796 | May 1796 · Lodi: Bonaparte enters Milan | | 19 Feb 1797 | Feb 1797 · Mantua falls; Tolentino | | 18 Apr 1797 | Apr 1797 · Leoben: 130 km from Vienna | | 17 Oct 1797 | Oct 1797 · Campo Formio: Venice to Austria | | 21 Jul 1798 | Jul 1798 · Pyramids: Bonaparte in Egypt | | 23 Jan 1799 | Jan 1799 · Naples falls: sister republics | | 20 May 1799 | May 1799 · Acre holds; Suvorov in Italy | | 15 Aug 1799 | Aug 1799 · Novi: Italy lost | | 10 Nov 1799 | Nov 1799 · Brumaire: First Consul | | 14 Jun 1800 | Jun 1800 · Marengo | | 3 Dec 1800 | Dec 1800 · Hohenlinden | | 9 Feb 1801 | Feb 1801 · Lunéville: France on the Rhine | | 2 Sep 1801 | Sep 1801 · Egypt surrenders | | 25 Mar 1802 | Mar 1802 · Peace of Amiens | | 11 Sep 1802 | Sep 1802 · Piedmont and Elba annexed | | 5 Jul 1803 | Jul 1803 · War again; Hanover occupied | | 2 Dec 1804 | Dec 1804 · Napoleon crowns himself Emperor | | 4 Jun 1805 | Jun 1805 · King of Italy; Genoa annexed | | 21 Oct 1805 | Oct 1805 · Ulm and Trafalgar | | 26 Dec 1805 | Dec 1805 · Austerlitz; Peace of Pressburg | | 30 Mar 1806 | Mar 1806 · Joseph King of Naples | | 12 Jul 1806 | Jul 1806 · Confederation of the Rhine | | 27 Oct 1806 | Oct 1806 · Jena; Napoleon in Berlin | | 9 Jul 1807 | Jul 1807 · Tilsit: Prussia halved | | 10 Dec 1807 | Dec 1807 · Portugal occupied; Etruria gone | | 2 May 1808 | May 1808 · Dos de Mayo: Spain rises | | 30 Aug 1808 | Aug 1808 · Bailén, Vimeiro: French fall back | | 4 Dec 1808 | Dec 1808 · Napoleon retakes Madrid | | 17 May 1809 | May 1809 · Vienna taken; Rome annexed | | 6 Jul 1809 | Jul 1809 · Wagram | | 14 Oct 1809 | Oct 1809 · Schönbrunn: Illyrian Provinces | | 9 Jul 1810 | Jul 1810 · Holland annexed | | 1811 | 1811 · The Empire at its peak | | 24 Jun 1812 | Jun 1812 · Across the Niemen | | 14 Sep 1812 | Sep 1812 · Borodino; Moscow entered | | 28 Nov 1812 | Nov 1812 · Berezina | | 17 Mar 1813 | Mar 1813 · Prussia changes sides | | 21 Jun 1813 | Jun 1813 · Vitoria; armistice in Germany | | 19 Oct 1813 | Oct 1813 · Leipzig: Battle of the Nations | | 1 Dec 1813 | Dec 1813 · The Dutch rise; Wellington in France | | 1814 | Jan 1814 · Allies cross the Rhine | | 31 Mar 1814 | Mar 1814 · Allies take Paris | | 30 May 1814 | May 1814 · Elba; France back to 1792 | | 20 Mar 1815 | Mar 1815 · The Hundred Days | | 18 Jun 1815 | Jun 1815 · Waterloo | | 15 Jul 1815 | Jul 1815 · Surrender; Allies occupy France | | 20 Nov 1815 | Nov 1815 · Second Peace of Paris; St Helena | | 5 May 1821 | May 1821 · Napoleon dies on St Helena | ## Layers | Layer | First shown | Last keyframe | | --- | --- | --- | | Ottoman Empire | 19 Dec 1793 | 18 Jun 1815 | | Russian Empire | 19 Dec 1793 | 18 Jun 1815 | | Under Russian military occupation | 9 Jul 1807 | 14 Sep 1812 | | Revolutionary Serbia | 9 Jul 1807 | 18 Jun 1815 | | Sweden | 19 Dec 1793 | 20 Nov 1815 | | Denmark–Norway (French ally 1807–14) | 19 Dec 1793 | 20 Mar 1815 | | Norway (Danish to 1814, independent 1814, union with Sweden) | 19 Dec 1793 | 20 Mar 1815 | | Great Britain / United Kingdom | 19 Dec 1793 | 20 Mar 1815 | | Hanover (British crown) | 19 Dec 1793 | 5 May 1821 | | Portugal | 19 Dec 1793 | 24 Jun 1812 | | Spain (Bourbon; patriot Spain 1808–14) | 19 Dec 1793 | 30 May 1814 | | Poland–Lithuania (to 1795) | 19 Dec 1793 | 15 May 1796 | | Habsburg Monarchy / Austrian Empire | 19 Dec 1793 | 5 May 1821 | | Swiss Confederation | 19 Dec 1793 | 15 Jul 1815 | | Helvetic Republic / Mediation Switzerland | 21 Jul 1798 | 1814 | | Prussia | 19 Dec 1793 | 5 May 1821 | | Other states of the Holy Roman Empire (to 1806) | 19 Dec 1793 | 27 Oct 1806 | | Other German states (from 1806) | 27 Oct 1806 | 5 May 1821 | | Saxony | 19 Dec 1793 | 5 May 1821 | | Bavaria | 19 Dec 1793 | 5 May 1821 | | Württemberg | 19 Dec 1793 | 9 Jul 1810 | | Baden | 19 Dec 1793 | 5 May 1821 | | Hesse-Darmstadt | 19 Dec 1793 | 5 May 1821 | | Grand Duchy of Berg (Murat, then Napoleon) | 4 Jun 1805 | 1 Dec 1813 | | Dalberg's state / Grand Duchy of Frankfurt | 27 Oct 1806 | 1 Dec 1813 | | Kingdom of Westphalia (Jérôme Bonaparte) | 10 Dec 1807 | 1 Dec 1813 | | Duchy of Warsaw | 9 Jul 1807 | 1 Dec 1813 | | Free City of Danzig | 9 Jul 1807 | 31 Mar 1814 | | Free City of Kraków | 18 Jun 1815 | 18 Jun 1815 | | Dutch Republic / Netherlands | 19 Dec 1793 | 20 Nov 1815 | | Batavian Republic / Kingdom of Holland | 5 Oct 1795 | 9 Jul 1810 | | Republic of Valais | 5 Jul 1803 | 1811 | | Neuchâtel (Berthier) | 12 Jul 1806 | 20 Mar 1815 | | Anglo-Corsican Kingdom | 19 Dec 1793 | 19 Feb 1797 | | Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoy) | 19 Dec 1793 | 20 Nov 1815 | | Republic of Genoa | 19 Dec 1793 | 20 Mar 1815 | | Ligurian Republic | 17 Oct 1797 | 4 Jun 1805 | | Republic of Venice | 19 Dec 1793 | 17 Oct 1797 | | Duchy of Parma | 19 Dec 1793 | 30 May 1814 | | Duchy of Modena | 19 Dec 1793 | 30 May 1814 | | Lucca (Republic; Elisa's principality) | 19 Dec 1793 | 30 May 1814 | | Grand Duchy of Tuscany | 19 Dec 1793 | 18 Jun 1815 | | Kingdom of Etruria | 2 Sep 1801 | 10 Dec 1807 | | Principality of Elba (Napoleon 1814–15) | 30 May 1814 | 18 Jun 1815 | | Papal States | 19 Dec 1793 | 18 Jun 1815 | | Roman Republic | 21 Jul 1798 | 10 Nov 1799 | | Kingdom of Naples and Sicily (Bourbon) | 19 Dec 1793 | 18 Jun 1815 | | Parthenopean Republic | 23 Jan 1799 | 15 Aug 1799 | | Kingdom of Naples (Joseph, Murat) | 30 Mar 1806 | 18 Jun 1815 | | Cisalpine Republic / Kingdom of Italy | 19 Feb 1797 | 30 May 1814 | | Republic of Ragusa | 19 Dec 1793 | 2 May 1808 | | Septinsular Republic (Ionian Islands) | 23 Jan 1799 | 10 Dec 1807 | | Order of St John (Malta) | 19 Dec 1793 | 21 Jul 1798 | | Illyrian Provinces (French Empire) | 14 Oct 1809 | 31 Mar 1814 | | France (Republic, Consulate, Empire) | 19 Dec 1793 | 5 May 1821 | | French Egypt | 21 Jul 1798 | 2 Sep 1801 | | French-held Spain (Joseph Bonaparte) | 2 May 1808 | 1814 | | Under French military occupation | 5 Oct 1795 | 30 May 1814 | | Under Coalition military occupation | 20 May 1799 | 5 May 1821 | | Napoleon's (or France's main) field army — area = men | 19 Dec 1793 | 20 Nov 1815 | | Napoleon | 19 Dec 1793 | 5 May 1821 | ## Events - **19 Dec 1793, Siege of Toulon**: Republican army under Carteaux, Doppet then Dugommier retook the royalist port held by British, Spanish, Neapolitan and Sardinian troops; Bonaparte's artillery plan took Fort Mulgrave (Little Gibraltar) on 16-17 Dec and forced the fleet out. - **23 Dec 1793, Battle of Savenay**: Marceau and Westermann destroyed the Vendean main army, ending the large-scale Vendee rising. - **1 Jun 1794, Glorious First of June**: Howe's Channel Fleet defeated Villaret-Joyeuse's fleet far out in the Atlantic, but the French grain convoy from America reached Brest. - **26 Jun 1794, Battle of Fleurus**: Jourdan's Army of Sambre-et-Meuse beat Coburg (balloon reconnaissance used); Austrians abandoned Belgium. - **5 Apr 1795, Peace of Basel (Prussia)**: Prussia left the First Coalition and recognised French occupation of the left bank of the Rhine; Spain signed on 22 Jul. - **27 Jun 1795, Quiberon expedition**: Royalist emigres landed by the Royal Navy at Quiberon were beaten by Hoche; some 700 prisoners were later executed. - **1 Oct 1795, Belgium annexed**: The Convention annexes the Austrian Netherlands, Liege and Luxembourg on 1 Oct 1795 (nine departments). - **5 Oct 1795, 13 Vendemiaire (royalist uprising in Paris)**: Barras and General Bonaparte (artillery under Murat) shot down royalist insurgents at Saint-Roch with grapeshot, saving the Convention and launching Bonaparte's career. - **23 Nov 1795, Battle of Loano**: Scherer's Army of Italy (Massena, Augereau) broke the Austro-Sardinian line under Wallis, opening the Riviera. - **12 Apr 1796, Battle of Montenotte**: Bonaparte's first victory as army commander; Argenteau's Austrians were driven from the Apennine passes, splitting them from the Piedmontese. - **28 Apr 1796, Armistice of Cherasco**: Piedmont-Sardinia asked for an armistice; the Treaty of Paris (15 May) ceded Savoy and Nice to France. - **10 May 1796, Battle of Lodi**: Bonaparte forced the bridge over the Adda against Beaulieu's rearguard (Sebottendorf); the episode created the legend of the little corporal. - **15 May 1796, Bonaparte enters Milan**: The Army of Italy entered Milan in triumph; Austrian Lombardy was occupied and the citadel held until 29 Jun. - **4 Jun 1796, Siege of Mantua**: Austria's strongest fortress in Italy was twice besieged and relieved in 1796; Wurmser surrendered on 2 Feb 1797 after Rivoli. Austrian casualties include disease. - **4 Jul 1796, Siege of Mantua**: Austrian garrison under Wurmser then holds out for seven months against four relief attempts. - **5 Aug 1796, Battle of Castiglione**: Bonaparte beat Wurmser's relief army after the Lonato fighting (3-4 Aug), forcing it back into the Tyrol. - **8 Sep 1796, Battle of Bassano**: Bonaparte beat Wurmser's column; the Austrians lost 6,000 prisoners and fled to Mantua. - **15 Nov 1796, Battle of Arcole**: Alvinczi's second relief army was beaten in three days of fighting in the marshes around Arcole; Bonaparte led an attack across the bridge with a flag. - **21 Dec 1796, French expedition to Ireland (Bantry Bay)**: Hoche's fleet with 15,000 men reached Bantry Bay; storms scattered the ships and no landing was made. - **14 Jan 1797, Battle of Rivoli**: Bonaparte defeated Alvinczi's main force; La Favorita (16 Jan) and Mantua's surrender ended the Austrian threat in Italy. - **14 Feb 1797, Battle of Cape St Vincent**: Jervis and Nelson beat a larger Spanish fleet (Cordoba) off Portugal before it could join the French at Brest. - **19 Feb 1797, Treaty of Tolentino**: Pope Pius VI ceded Avignon, Bologna, Ferrara and the Romagna and paid 30 million livres. - **22 Feb 1797, Battle of Fishguard**: Last invasion of Britain: some 1,400 French under Tate landed in Wales and surrendered within two days. - **16 Mar 1797, Battle of Valvasone (Tagliamento)**: Bonaparte crossed the Tagliamento and took Gradisca against Archduke Charles, opening the road to Carinthia. - **18 Apr 1797, Preliminaries of Leoben**: Austria agreed preliminaries with Bonaparte's vanguard about 130 km from Vienna; Austria gave up Belgium and Lombardy and was promised Venetian lands. - **12 May 1797, Fall of the Republic of Venice**: The Great Council voted itself out of existence under French ultimatum; French troops entered on 16 May. - **4 Sep 1797, Coup of 18 Fructidor**: Directors Barras, Reubell and La Revelliere-Lepeaux, backed by Augereau's troops, purged the royalist-leaning legislature; Bonaparte's army supplied the muscle. - **11 Oct 1797, Battle of Camperdown**: Duncan's North Sea fleet destroyed de Winter's Batavian fleet, ending the invasion plan against Ireland. Casualties approximate. - **17 Oct 1797, Treaty of Campo Formio**: Signed at Passariano by Bonaparte and Cobenzl: Austria recognised the Cisalpine Republic, gave up Belgium and the left bank and received Venice and Dalmatia. - **15 Feb 1798, French occupy Rome; Roman Republic proclaimed**: Berthier's army entered Rome on 10 Feb; Pius VI was taken to France and the Roman Republic proclaimed. - **5 Mar 1798, Battle of the Grauholz (fall of Bern)**: Brune and Schauenburg crushed the Bernese militia, ending the Old Swiss Confederacy; Bern's treasury later paid for the Egyptian expedition. - **19 May 1798, Egyptian expedition sails from Toulon**: Bonaparte embarked with about 38,000 men (incl. 30,800 infantry) and some 300 transports and escorts, with the scholars of the Commission of Arts and Sciences. - **23 May 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798**: United Irishmen rose in Leinster, Ulster and Connacht; main battle at Vinegar Hill (21 Jun); a French squadron was beaten at Tory Island (12 Oct). - **12 Jun 1798, French take Malta**: After landings on 9-11 Jun Grand Master Hompesch capitulated; the Knights' island stayed French until Sept 1800. - **2 Jul 1798, Alexandria taken**: The French landed at Marabout on 1 Jul and stormed Alexandria next day against token Egyptian resistance. - **21 Jul 1798, Battle of the Pyramids**: Bonaparte's divisions in squares defeated Murad Bey's Mamluk cavalry at Embabeh; Cairo opened to the French. - **1 Aug 1798, Battle of the Nile**: Nelson destroyed Brueys's fleet in Aboukir Bay; Brueys and L'Orient were lost; the army in Egypt was cut off. French casualties approximate. - **22 Aug 1798, Humbert's landing in Ireland (Castlebar to Ballinamuck)**: Humbert landed 1,000 men at Killala, won at Castlebar (27 Aug), and surrendered to Cornwallis at Ballinamuck. - **21 Oct 1798, Revolt of Cairo**: Cairo rose against the occupation and was put down with artillery fire from the Citadel; Gen. Dupuy was killed. - **23 Jan 1799, Fall of Naples; Parthenopean Republic**: Championnet stormed Naples (20-23 Jan) after the king fled to Sicily; the Parthenopean Republic was proclaimed. - **3 Mar 1799, Siege of Jaffa**: The French stormed Jaffa; some 2,000 prisoners were shot on Bonaparte's order on 8-10 Mar. - **7 Mar 1799, Jaffa stormed**: 7 Mar 1799: the French storm Jaffa; the garrison is massacred and about 2,500-3,000 prisoners are shot on 10 Mar. - **20 Mar 1799, Siege of Acre**: Djezzar Pasha with Sidney Smith's naval support stopped Bonaparte for two months; plague and losses forced his retreat to Egypt. - **25 Mar 1799, Battle of Stockach**: Archduke Charles defeated Jourdan's Army of the Danube; Jourdan resigned. - **5 Apr 1799, Battle of Magnano**: Kray beat Scherer near Verona; Scherer was replaced by Moreau. - **16 Apr 1799, Battle of Mount Tabor**: Kleber's 2,000 held a square against some 25,000 Ottomans until Bonaparte arrived and routed them. - **27 Apr 1799, Battle of Cassano**: Suvorov defeated Moreau on the Adda; Milan fell on 28 Apr and Serurier's division surrendered at Verderio. - **17 Jun 1799, Battle of the Trebbia**: Suvorov beat Macdonald's Army of Naples in three days, ending French control of central and southern Italy. - **25 Jul 1799, Battle of Abukir (land)**: Bonaparte annihilated an Ottoman army landed by the Royal Navy; his last victory in Egypt before returning to France. - **15 Aug 1799, Battle of Novi**: Suvorov routed Joubert's Army of Italy (Joubert killed); Italy was lost except Genoa. - **23 Aug 1799, Bonaparte leaves Egypt**: With Berthier, Murat, Lannes and Monge he sailed in secret on the frigate Muiron, leaving Kleber in command. - **19 Sep 1799, Battle of Bergen**: Brune's Franco-Batavian army repulsed the Anglo-Russian attack in North Holland; the Allies later withdrew under the Convention of Alkmaar (18 Oct). Casualty figures disputed. - **25 Sep 1799, Second Battle of Zurich**: Massena crushed Korsakov's Russians, which forced Suvorov to retreat over the Alps from Italy. - **6 Oct 1799, Battle of Castricum**: Brune and Daendels beat the Duke of York; the Anglo-Russian expedition to Holland ended. - **10 Nov 1799, Coup of 18 Brumaire**: After landing at Frejus on 9 Oct, Bonaparte with Sieyes overthrew the Directory at Saint-Cloud on 9-10 Nov; the Consulate was set up, First Consul from 13 Dec. - **20 Mar 1800, Battle of Heliopolis**: Kleber with about 10,000 beat 30,000 Ottomans near Cairo and recaptured the city from the rebels. - **6 Apr 1800, Siege of Genoa**: Massena held the city under Austrian siege and British blockade until famine forced his surrender, which gave Bonaparte time to cross the Alps. - **5 May 1800, Battle of Messkirch**: Moreau's Army of the Rhine beat Kray in Swabia; Stockach and Biberach followed. - **9 Jun 1800, Battle of Montebello**: Lannes beat Ott's corps near Casteggio, five days before Marengo (French losses 600-3,000 depending on source). - **14 Jun 1800, Battle of Marengo**: Melas surprised Bonaparte's Army of the Reserve, which was saved late in the day by Desaix (killed) and Kellermann's cavalry; Austria agreed to evacuate Italy west of the Mincio. - **14 Jun 1800, Assassination of Kleber**: Kleber was stabbed in Cairo by a Syrian student; Menou took command of the army in Egypt. - **3 Dec 1800, Battle of Hohenlinden**: Moreau routed Archduke John in a forest near Munich; the road to Vienna was open and Austria sued for armistice (Steyr 25 Dec). - **25 Dec 1800, Battle of Pozzolo**: Brune forced the Mincio crossing against Bellegarde; Armistice of Treviso followed on 16 Jan 1801. - **9 Feb 1801, Treaty of Luneville**: Austria confirmed Campo Formio and ceded the whole left bank of the Rhine; the Batavian, Helvetic, Cisalpine and Ligurian republics were guaranteed. - **21 Mar 1801, Battle of Alexandria**: Abercromby's British (Abercromby mortally wounded) defeated Menou's Army of the Orient; British-Ottoman forces later took Cairo (27 Jun) and Alexandria (2 Sep). - **28 Mar 1801, Treaty of Florence**: Naples cedes Piombino and the Presidi, closes its ports to Britain and admits French garrisons in Apulia. - **2 Apr 1801, Battle of Copenhagen**: Parker and Nelson attacked the Danish line to break the League of Armed Neutrality, a week after Tsar Paul's death (23 Mar). Danish casualties in the france column; Denmark was not at war with Britain's allies but was Britain's target. - **6 Jul 1801, Battle of Algeciras**: Linois's French squadron under Spanish shore batteries repulsed Saumarez, who lost HMS Hannibal; Saumarez won the second action on 12 Jul. - **2 Sep 1801, Capitulation of Alexandria**: Menou capitulated; British ships carried some 10,000 French back to France. - **25 Mar 1802, Treaty of Amiens**: Britain gave back almost all its colonial conquests except Trinidad and Ceylon; France evacuated Naples and the Papal States; the peace lasted 14 months. - **2 Aug 1802, Napoleon made Consul for Life**: A plebiscite confirmed Bonaparte First Consul for life; annexations of Elba (26 Aug) and Piedmont (11 Sep) followed. - **18 May 1803, Britain declares war; Hanover occupied**: Britain declared war on France on 18 May 1803; Mortier invaded Hanover and the Convention of Artlenburg (5 Jul) disbanded the Hanoverian army. The Army of England began to gather at Boulogne. - **21 Mar 1804, Execution of the duc d'Enghien**: Seized in Baden on Napoleon's order and shot in the moat of Vincennes; the act shocked Europe's courts. - **2 Dec 1804, Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor**: Proclaimed Emperor on 18 May 1804, Napoleon crowned himself and Josephine in Notre-Dame in the presence of Pius VII. - **26 May 1805, Napoleon crowned King of Italy; Genoa annexed**: Napoleon was crowned with the Iron Crown at Milan Cathedral; Eugene de Beauharnais became viceroy; the Ligurian Republic was annexed by decree on 4 Jun. - **4 Jun 1805, Genoa annexed**: The Ligurian Republic is annexed to France as three departments. - **22 Jul 1805, Battle of Cape Finisterre**: Calder's British squadron fought Villeneuve's Franco-Spanish fleet in fog; two Spanish ships were captured, but Villeneuve's retreat to Cadiz ended Napoleon's invasion plan. - **17 Oct 1805, Capitulation of Ulm**: Napoleon's Grande Armee encircled Mack's Austrians by a wide flank march through Swabia; after Elchingen (14 Oct) Mack capitulated and about 27,000 men marched out on 20 Oct. - **21 Oct 1805, Battle of Trafalgar**: Nelson (killed) with 27 ships beat Villeneuve and Gravina's 33 Franco-Spanish ships off Cape Trafalgar, ending any chance of a French invasion of Britain. - **11 Nov 1805, Battle of Dürenstein**: Kutuzov's Russians trapped Gazan's division of Mortier's corps on the Danube; the French escaped but lost heavily. - **13 Nov 1805, French enter Vienna**: Murat, Lannes and Bertrand tricked the Austrian guard into surrendering the Tabor bridge; Vienna fell without a shot and Napoleon quartered at Schönbrunn. - **2 Dec 1805, Battle of Austerlitz**: Napoleon feigned weakness on the right, let the Allies strip the Pratzen Heights and split their centre; Alexander I and Francis II's Russo-Austrian army was crushed on the first anniversary of the coronation. - **26 Dec 1805, Peace of Pressburg**: Austria ceded Venetia, Istria, Dalmatia and Tyrol; Bavaria and Wurttemberg became kingdoms. - **15 Feb 1806, French enter Naples**: Joseph Bonaparte becomes king on 30 Mar after Ferdinand flees to Sicily under British protection. - **26 Feb 1806, Siege of Gaeta**: Massena besieged the Bourbon fortress under the Prince of Hesse-Philippsthal after Joseph's invasion of Naples; the garrison capitulated on 18 Jul. - **30 Mar 1806, Joseph Bonaparte becomes King of Naples**: Ferdinand IV had fled to Sicily; Joseph entered Naples on 14 Feb and was proclaimed king by Napoleon's decree. - **4 Jul 1806, Battle of Maida**: Stuart's British expedition from Sicily defeated Reynier's French in Calabria; the victory fed a long insurgency (Calabria 1806-1811). - **12 Jul 1806, Confederation of the Rhine founded**: Sixteen German princes left the Holy Roman Empire under Napoleon's protectorate; Francis II abdicated as Emperor on 6 Aug 1806. - **14 Oct 1806, Battle of Jena-Auerstedt**: Napoleon destroyed the Prussian main army at Jena while Davout's lone III Corps beat Brunswick's main force at Auerstedt. - **27 Oct 1806, Napoleon enters Berlin**: Triumphal entry through the Brandenburg Gate two weeks after Jena; Frederick William III had fled to East Prussia. - **21 Nov 1806, Berlin Decree (Continental System)**: Napoleon declared the British Isles in blockade and banned British trade across the Continent. - **7 Feb 1807, Battle of Eylau**: A bloody drawn battle in a snowstorm; Augereau's corps was destroyed and Davout's flank march saved the day; Napoleon withdrew to winter quarters. - **19 Mar 1807, Siege of Danzig**: Lefebvre's X Corps (with Poles, Italians and Saxons) took Danzig from the Prussians (Kalckreuth) before Russian relief arrived. - **14 Jun 1807, Battle of Friedland**: Napoleon caught Bennigsen with the Alle river at his back and destroyed the Russian army; the war ended within a month. - **7 Jul 1807, Treaties of Tilsit**: After meeting Alexander I on a raft in the Niemen, Napoleon halved Prussia, created the Kingdom of Westphalia and the Duchy of Warsaw, and made Russia an ally in the Continental System. - **16 Aug 1807, Second Battle of Copenhagen**: A British expedition (Cathcart, Gambier) bombarded neutral Copenhagen and seized the Danish fleet to keep it from Napoleon; about 195 Danish civilians were killed and 768 wounded, and Denmark joined France. - **27 Oct 1807, Treaty of Fontainebleau (Spain, Portugal)**: France and Spain agreed to partition Portugal; French troops were allowed to cross Spain. - **30 Nov 1807, French occupy Lisbon**: Junot's army reached Lisbon after a forced march; the Portuguese court had sailed for Brazil the day before (29 Nov). - **2 May 1808, Dos de Mayo uprising**: Madrid rose against Murat's garrison; the revolt was crushed and some 400 were shot next day (Goya's Third of May), but it began the Peninsular War. - **5 May 1808, Abdications of Bayonne**: Charles IV and Ferdinand VII were forced to renounce the Spanish throne; Joseph Bonaparte was proclaimed King of Spain on 6 Jun. - **19 Jul 1808, Battle of Bailen**: Castanos and Reding forced Dupont's 20,000 to capitulate in Andalusia; first major defeat of a Napoleonic army in the open field. - **1 Aug 1808, Murat king of Naples**: Joseph goes to Spain; Joachim Murat is proclaimed Gioacchino Napoleone. - **21 Aug 1808, Battle of Vimeiro**: Wellesley repulsed Junot's attack near Lisbon; the Convention of Sintra (30 Aug) then returned the French army to France with its loot. - **30 Aug 1808, Convention of Sintra**: Junot's 26,000 men were evacuated from Portugal aboard British ships. - **27 Sep 1808, Congress of Erfurt**: Napoleon and Alexander I renewed the alliance with a parade of German princes while Austria rearmed. - **30 Nov 1808, Battle of Somosierra**: Polish Chevau-legers charged up the pass and took the Spanish guns, opening the road to Madrid. - **4 Dec 1808, Napoleon retakes Madrid**: After Gamonal, Espinosa and Tudela scattered the Spanish armies, Madrid capitulated on 4 Dec; Napoleon left Spain on 17 Jan 1809 and Joseph re-entered Madrid on 22 Jan. - **20 Dec 1808, Second Siege of Zaragoza**: Lannes and Moncey starved out Palafox's garrison street by street; about 30,000 soldiers and 34,000 civilians died, many of disease. - **16 Jan 1809, Battle of Corunna**: Soult attacked Moore's British rearguard (Moore killed) while it embarked; the army was evacuated. - **21 Feb 1809, Zaragoza (second siege)**: Dec 1808-21 Feb 1809: Lannes takes the city; roughly 54,000 dead (garrison and civilians) by Wikipedia's tally, heavily disease. - **9 Apr 1809, Tyrolean Rebellion**: Andreas Hofer's Tyroleans drove out the Bavarians and beat French-Bavarian troops three times on the Bergisel (25 May, 29 May, 13 Aug); Hofer was shot at Mantua on 20 Feb 1810. - **10 Apr 1809, Austria opens the War of the Fifth Coalition**: Archduke Charles crossed the Inn into Bavaria without a declaration of war. - **22 Apr 1809, Battle of Eckmuhl**: After Abensberg (20 Apr) and Landshut (21 Apr), Napoleon and Davout defeated Archduke Charles's main army, opening the way to Vienna. - **13 May 1809, French enter Vienna (second time)**: After a short bombardment Vienna surrendered; Napoleon again made Schönbrunn his headquarters. - **17 May 1809, Rome and the Papal States annexed**: Napoleon decreed the annexation of the Papal States from Schönbrunn; Pius VII excommunicated him and was arrested on 6 Jul. - **21 May 1809, Battle of Aspern-Essling**: Napoleon's first defeat in a pitched battle: Archduke Charles stopped the crossing of the Danube at Lobau when the bridges broke; Marshal Lannes was mortally wounded. - **6 Jun 1809, Siege of Girona**: Verdier and Augereau besieged Alvarez's garrison for seven months before starvation forced surrender. - **5 Jul 1809, Battle of Wagram**: After crossing the Danube from Lobau in a night operation, Napoleon beat Archduke Charles after two days of the largest battle of the wars to that date; the Austrians retreated at Znaim. - **27 Jul 1809, Battle of Talavera**: Wellesley and Cuesta held off Victor and Jourdan (Joseph present) but had to retreat into Portugal after Soult threatened their rear. - **30 Jul 1809, Walcheren Campaign**: A huge British expedition (Chatham) took Flushing but was stricken by Walcheren fever, losing thousands of men, and withdrew. - **14 Oct 1809, Treaty of Schonbrunn**: Austria lost Salzburg, western Galicia, Trieste and the Illyrian Provinces (Upper Carinthia with Villach, Carniola, Gorizia, Croatia south of the Sava) and paid indemnities. - **14 Oct 1809, Illyrian Provinces**: Schönbrunn gives France Carniola, Gorizia, Trieste, Istria, Upper Carinthia and Croatia south of the Sava; Laibach becomes the capital. - **19 Nov 1809, Battle of Ocana**: Soult and Mortier destroyed the largest Spanish army of the war; Andalusia fell to the French in early 1810. - **1 Feb 1810, Andalusia overrun**: Seville 1 Feb 1810; Cadiz saved by Albuquerque; siege of Cadiz 5 Feb 1810-24 Aug 1812. - **5 Feb 1810, Siege of Cadiz**: Victor's I Corps besieged the Spanish government's refuge at Cadiz for 30 months; the Cortes drew up the Constitution of 1812 here. - **1 Apr 1810, Napoleon marries Marie Louise**: After divorcing Josephine (Dec 1809), Napoleon married the Austrian archduchess by proxy in Vienna (11 Mar), civilly at Saint-Cloud (1 Apr) and religiously in the Louvre (2 Apr); their son, the King of Rome, was born 20 Mar 1811. - **9 Jul 1810, Holland annexed**: Louis Bonaparte abdicated (1 Jul) after refusing to enforce the Continental System; the Kingdom of Holland was annexed to the Empire. - **27 Sep 1810, Battle of Bussaco**: Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese army on the ridge repulsed Massena's frontal assaults; Massena outflanked the position next day but found the Lines of Torres Vedras. - **10 Oct 1810, Lines of Torres Vedras**: Massena's Army of Portugal halted before three lines of fortifications; starvation and disease cost the French many thousands during five months of stalemate. - **13 Dec 1810, Hanseatic coast and Valais annexed**: A senatus-consultum of 13 Dec 1810 incorporated the North Sea coast (Bremen, Hamburg, Lubeck, Oldenburg) and confirmed the Valais (decreed 12 Nov); the Empire reached 130 departements. - **5 Mar 1811, Battle of Barrosa**: Graham's Anglo-Spanish force broke Victor's blockading force near Cadiz. - **13 Mar 1811, Battle of Lissa**: Hoste's four British frigates beat Dubourdieu's six Franco-Venetian frigates in the Adriatic; casualty figures approximate. - **3 May 1811, Battle of Fuentes de Onoro**: Wellington held the Portuguese frontier against Massena's last attempt to relieve Almeida. - **16 May 1811, Battle of Albuera**: Beresford (British, Portuguese, Spanish) fought Soult's relief army to a bloody standstill; the Allies kept the field. - **14 Mar 1812, Franco-Austrian and Franco-Prussian alliances**: Prussia (24 Feb) and Austria (14 Mar) agreed to supply auxiliary corps (20,000 and 30,000) for the invasion of Russia. - **16 Mar 1812, Siege of Badajoz**: Wellington stormed Badajoz with a very high loss and the city was sacked; the key to central Spain was in Allied hands. - **24 Jun 1812, Grande Armee crosses the Niemen**: The first wave of some 440,000 men (Minard: 422,000) crossed on pontoon bridges near Kovno; Russia had mobilised 200,000 in three separate armies. - **28 Jun 1812, French enter Vilnius**: Napoleon stayed 18 days, awaiting a Russian peace offer and tangled in supply; heat, rain and dysentery began to eat the army. - **22 Jul 1812, Battle of Salamanca**: Wellington crushed Marmont's Army of Portugal in 40 minutes (the 'Salamanca moment') and Joseph evacuated Madrid on 12 Aug. - **16 Aug 1812, Battle of Smolensk**: Barclay's and Bagration's armies held the walls until the Russians withdrew and the city burned; Napoleon failed to catch them. - **7 Sep 1812, Battle of Borodino**: A day of frontal assault on the Russian redoubts, the bloodiest single day of the wars; Kutuzov kept his army and retreated through Moscow. - **14 Sep 1812, Napoleon enters Moscow**: The French found a largely abandoned city; fires began 14-15 Sep and burned most of it; Alexander I refused to negotiate. - **19 Oct 1812, Retreat from Moscow begins**: After five weeks without an answer from Alexander I, Napoleon left Moscow with about 100,000 men and thousands of wagons. - **24 Oct 1812, Battle of Maloyaroslavets**: Kutuzov blocked the southern road to Kaluga, forcing Napoleon back onto the devastated Smolensk road. - **3 Nov 1812, Battle of Vyazma**: Miloradovich, Platov and Wittgenstein cut at the retreating columns; frost began. - **15 Nov 1812, Battle of Krasnoi**: The Imperial Guard and corps of Ney, Davout and Eugene fought past Kutuzov's flanking army; Ney's rearguard fought its way out. - **26 Nov 1812, Battle of the Berezina**: Eblé's pontonniers built two bridges at Studienka under Chichagov's and Wittgenstein's pincer; the army crossed but 20,000-30,000 combatants and tens of thousands of stragglers were lost. - **5 Dec 1812, Napoleon leaves the army at Smorgon**: After the 29th Bulletin, Napoleon left Murat in command and raced to Paris in a sleigh via Warsaw and Dresden (arrived 18 Dec) to raise new troops. - **30 Dec 1812, Convention of Tauroggen**: Prussian General Yorck neutralised his corps without the king's leave; Prussia changed sides on 17 Mar 1813. - **28 Feb 1813, Treaty of Kalisch**: Russia and Prussia allied against France; Frederick William III declared war on 16-17 Mar. - **2 May 1813, Battle of Lutzen**: Napoleon's new army, mostly conscripts, beat Wittgenstein and Blucher, but without cavalry could not pursue. - **20 May 1813, Battle of Bautzen**: Napoleon beat the Russo-Prussian army but again could not destroy it for lack of cavalry; Duroc was mortally wounded on 22 May. - **4 Jun 1813, Armistice of Plaswitz**: A two-month armistice gave both sides time to reinforce; Austria used it to mediate (Metternich in Dresden, 26 Jun) and then declared war on 12 Aug. - **21 Jun 1813, Battle of Vitoria**: Wellington crushed Joseph and Jourdan's Army of Spain, capturing 151 guns and the royal baggage; the French were driven over the Pyrenees. - **7 Jul 1813, Siege of San Sebastian**: Graham stormed the fortress at great cost on 31 Aug; the town burned and was sacked by the British troops. - **25 Jul 1813, Battle of the Pyrenees**: Soult's counter-offensive (Roncesvalles, Maya, Sorauren) failed to relieve Pamplona and San Sebastian; the French fell back into France. - **26 Aug 1813, Battle of Dresden**: Napoleon rushed back and beat Schwarzenberg's much larger army before the city; Moreau was mortally wounded; but the pursuit then lost Vandamme at Kulm. - **29 Aug 1813, Battle of Kulm**: Vandamme's corps was trapped in the Bohemian passes after Dresden and captured; the Allies' offensive was saved. - **16 Oct 1813, Battle of Leipzig (Battle of the Nations)**: About 600,000 men in four days: Napoleon lost to Schwarzenberg, Blucher, Bernadotte and Bennigsen; the Saxons changed sides mid-battle and the bridge over the Elster was blown early. - **30 Oct 1813, Battle of Hanau**: Napoleon cut through a Bavarian-Austrian army under Wrede blocking the retreat to the Rhine; the last French victory east of the river. - **2 Nov 1813, Napoleon recrosses the Rhine**: Napoleon reached Mainz with some 70,000 survivors; typhus spread through the garrisons. - **17 Nov 1813, Dutch uprising**: 15-17 Nov 1813: Amsterdam and The Hague rise; Prince William of Orange lands at Scheveningen 30 Nov; sovereign principality 2 Dec 1813. - **21 Dec 1813, Allies cross the Rhine**: Schwarzenberg crossed at Basel violating Swiss neutrality, Blucher at Mannheim-Koblenz on 1 Jan 1814. - **30 Dec 1813, Austrians in Geneva**: 30 Dec 1813: Bubna's Austrians enter Geneva; Valais liberated 29 Dec; the Allied right wing enters France. - **11 Jan 1814, Murat joins the Allies**: Treaty of Naples with Austria; Neapolitan troops then take Rome, Ancona and Tuscany. - **1 Feb 1814, Battle of La Rothiere**: Blucher and Schwarzenberg beat Napoleon's outnumbered army near Brienne; Napoleon's first defeat in French soil. - **10 Feb 1814, Six Days' Campaign (Champaubert, Montmirail, Vauchamps)**: Napoleon struck Blucher's scattered corps in four victories in six days, but could not follow up against Schwarzenberg's advance on Paris. - **18 Feb 1814, Battle of Montereau**: Napoleon threw back the Austrian-Wurttemberg advance on the Seine and took the bridge. - **7 Mar 1814, Battle of Craonne**: Costly victory over Blucher's Russians; Napoleon failed to pin them down. - **9 Mar 1814, Battle of Laon**: Blucher repulsed Napoleon's attack and Marmont's corps was routed at night; Napoleon retired. - **20 Mar 1814, Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube**: Napoleon found Schwarzenberg's main army and withdrew; he then marched east to threaten the Allied rear. - **25 Mar 1814, Battle of Fere-Champenoise**: Marmont and Mortier's corps were destroyed by Allied cavalry while Napoleon marched away from Paris; the road to the capital was open. - **30 Mar 1814, Battle of Paris**: Marmont and Mortier defended Montmartre and Belleville against 100,000 Allies; Marmont capitulated on 30-31 Mar and the Allies entered Paris on 31 Mar. - **6 Apr 1814, Napoleon abdicates**: After the Marshals refused to march on Paris (4 Apr), Napoleon abdicated unconditionally at Fontainebleau; Treaty of Fontainebleau of 11 Apr gave him Elba. - **10 Apr 1814, Battle of Toulouse**: Wellington took Toulouse from Soult four days after Napoleon's abdication, news of which had not yet arrived. - **16 Apr 1814, Armistice of Schiarino-Rizzino**: Eugene hands northern Italy to the Austrians; Lombardy-Venetia follows. - **18 Apr 1814, Genoa surrenders to Bentinck**: British and Sicilian troops take Genoa; the old republic is briefly restored. - **4 May 1814, Napoleon arrives on Elba**: Sovereign prince of Elba with 1,000 Guard; he reorganised the island's mines, roads and defences. - **30 May 1814, First Treaty of Paris**: France returned to its 1792 borders plus a few enclaves; the Bourbons were restored under Louis XVIII. - **1 Oct 1814, Congress of Vienna opens**: Metternich, Castlereagh, Alexander I, Talleyrand and Hardenberg redrew the map of Europe; the Final Act was signed on 9 Jun 1815. - **26 Feb 1815, Napoleon escapes from Elba**: Napoleon embarked with about 1,000 men; landed at Golfe-Juan on 1 Mar. - **20 Mar 1815, Napoleon enters Paris; Hundred Days begin**: After the march of the Eagle through Grenoble (7 Mar) and the defection of Marshal Ney, Louis XVIII fled to Ghent and Napoleon entered the Tuileries. - **2 May 1815, Battle of Tolentino (Neapolitan War)**: Bianchi's Austrians defeated Murat's Neapolitan army; Murat fled and Naples reverted to Ferdinand (Casalanza, 20 May). - **16 Jun 1815, Battle of Ligny**: Napoleon beat Blucher's Prussians, who retreated north toward Wavre, not east; 8,000 more Prussians deserted. - **16 Jun 1815, Battle of Quatre Bras**: Ney failed to take the crossroads from Wellington's reinforced Allies; both retreated next day. - **18 Jun 1815, Battle of Waterloo**: Napoleon's attack on Wellington's ridge failed; Prussian arrival under Blucher decided the day and the Imperial Guard retreated. - **22 Jun 1815, Napoleon's second abdication**: The Chamber demanded his abdication; Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son and left for the Channel coast. - **15 Jul 1815, Napoleon surrenders to HMS Bellerophon**: Blockaded at Rochefort, Napoleon boarded the British ship at the Ile d'Aix; Louis XVIII had re-entered Paris on 8 Jul. - **13 Oct 1815, Execution of Marshal Murat**: Shot at Pizzo in Calabria after attempting to retake Naples. - **20 Nov 1815, Second Treaty of Paris**: France reduced to its 1790 borders (Savoy and others lost), paid 700 million francs and accepted a 3-5 year Allied occupation of 150,000 troops. - **7 Dec 1815, Execution of Marshal Ney**: Tried by the Chamber of Peers and shot in the Luxembourg gardens avenue. - **5 May 1821, Death of Napoleon**: Napoleon died at Longwood House, St Helena, of stomach cancer according to most medical opinion. - Plus 203 smaller events, shown as dots on the map.