by @Chris
Every duchy, county, march, prince-bishopric and free city of the Holy Roman Empire, and every land that ever formally belonged to it, from the coronation of Otto I in 962 to German reunification in 1990: the stem duchies, their break-up into hundreds of territories, the rise of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia, the end of the Empire in 1806, the German Confederation, unification in 1871, both World Wars and the division of Germany. How to read it: full colour means inside the Empire or its successor (Confederation of the Rhine, German Confederation, North German Confederation, German Reich, the German states after 1945); pale means outside. Colour families follow the ruling houses: gold Habsburg, dark blue Hohenzollern, light blue Wittelsbach, green Wettin, orange Welf, crimson the Bohemian crown, purple the church lands, dark red the free cities. Land that never belonged to the Empire or to Germany is left blank. Hover or tap a territory for its name. Method and limits: inside Germany's 1937 borders the rulers for 1300–1918 come from the town-by-town dataset of Cantoni, Mohr and Weigand, drawn on modern municipal boundaries, so borders are accurate to about 5–10 km and enclaves smaller than a town's surroundings are not shown; the smallest lordships and the Imperial Knights are grouped. Elsewhere the units are modern districts and provinces. Dynastic unions are shown under the ruling house. Sources: D. Cantoni, C. Mohr, M. Weigand, Princes and Townspeople: A Collection of Historical Statistics on German Territories and Cities (Harvard Dataverse, CC0), after the Deutsches Städtebuch and G. Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder; boundaries © GeoBasis-DE / BKG (dl-de/by-2-0), geoBoundaries (CC BY 4.0), OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), Natural Earth; regional histories from Wikipedia and the lexica cited there.
Duchy of Spoleto · Dukes of Zähringen · Duchy of Carinthia (to 1335) · March / Duchy of Styria (to 1192) · March of Carniola (to 1335/64) · Landgraviate of Thuringia; from 1920 State of Thuringia · Austria · Alpine lands · Austria · Swabia and the upper Rhine · Austria · northern Italy · Austria · Bavaria · Austria · Switzerland · Austria · Lorraine, Alsace, Franche-Comté · Austria · Hesse and the middle Rhine · Austria · Rhineland and Westphalia · Austria · Alpine lands · Austria · northern Italy · Austria · Poland · Austria · Silesia · Austria · Lower Saxony and the north · Austria · Swabia and the upper Rhine · County of Tyrol (to 1363) · County of Gorizia (to 1500) · Kingdom of Hungary · Bohemia and Moravia · Kingdom of Hungary · Alpine lands · Bohemia · Bohemia · Silesian duchies (Piast; Bohemian fiefs from 1327-35) · Silesian duchies (Piast; Bohemian fiefs from 1327-35) · Lusatia (March; Upper and Lower Lusatia) · Lusatia (March; Upper and Lower Lusatia) · Luxembourg (County, Duchy 1354; Grand Duchy 1815) · Low Countries · Luxembourg (County, Duchy 1354; Grand Duchy 1815) · Bavaria · Luxembourg (County, Duchy 1354; Grand Duchy 1815) · Low Countries · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Brandenburg, Pomerania, Mecklenburg · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Lower Saxony and the north · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Silesia · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Prussia proper · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Rhineland and Westphalia · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Saxony, Thuringia, Anhalt · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Hesse and the middle Rhine · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Poland · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Franconia · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Denmark · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Swabia and the upper Rhine · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Low Countries · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Prussia proper · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Brandenburg, Pomerania, Mecklenburg · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Poland · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Silesia · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Saxony, Thuringia, Anhalt · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Lower Saxony and the north · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Rhineland and Westphalia · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Switzerland · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Franconia · Northern March → Brandenburg → Prussia · Hesse and the middle Rhine · Duchy of Saxony (stem duchy, to 1180) · Duchy of Franconia · Duchy of Swabia (Hohenstaufen to 1268) · Duchy of Lower Lorraine · Frisian lands (Frisian freedom) · Kingdom of Italy (imperial Italy) · Kingdom of Burgundy (Arelat) · Kingdom of Burgundy (Arelat) · Imperial domain (Reichsgut, imperial bailiwicks) · March of Tuscany · March of Verona · Burgraves of Nuremberg → Brandenburg-Ansbach and -Bayreuth · Franconia · Burgraves of Nuremberg → Brandenburg-Ansbach and -Bayreuth · Brandenburg, Pomerania, Mecklenburg · Burgraves of Nuremberg → Brandenburg-Ansbach and -Bayreuth · Franconia · Hohenzollern (Hechingen, Sigmaringen) · Teutonic Order State → Duchy of Prussia 1525 · Teutonic Order State → Duchy of Prussia 1525 · Teutonic Order · Teutonic Order · Bavaria · Bavaria · Bavaria · Franconia · Bavaria · Alpine lands · Bavaria · Hesse and the middle Rhine · Bavaria · Swabia and the upper Rhine · Bavaria · Rhineland and Westphalia · Bavaria · Bohemia and Moravia · Bavaria · Bavaria · Bavaria · Franconia · Bavaria · Hesse and the middle Rhine · Bavaria · Swabia and the upper Rhine · Lower Bavaria / Bavaria-Landshut (1255-1340, 1349-1503) · Bavaria-Straubing (1353-1429) · Low Countries · Bavaria-Straubing (1353-1429) · Bavaria · Electoral Palatinate (County Palatine of the Rhine) · Electoral Palatinate (County Palatine of the Rhine) · Upper Palatinate (Palatine 1329-1621/28) · Palatinate-Neuburg · Palatinate-Zweibrücken (with Simmern, Veldenz lines) · Palatinate-Zweibrücken (with Simmern, Veldenz lines) · Palatinate-Sulzbach · Meissen → Saxony · Meissen → Saxony · Ernestine Saxony (Electorate 1485-1547, then duchies) · Saxe-Weimar(-Eisenach) · Saxe-Weimar(-Eisenach) · Saxe-Gotha(-Altenburg) · Saxe-Coburg (-Saalfeld; -Gotha from 1826) · Saxe-Meiningen · Saxe-Meiningen · Saxe-Altenburg (incl. Saxe-Hildburghausen before 1826) · Saxe-Eisenach · Saxe-Wittenberg (Ascanian electorate, to 1422) · Saxe-Lauenburg · Anhalt (all lines) · Saxony, Thuringia, Anhalt · Anhalt (all lines) · Lower Saxony and the north · Reuss · Schwarzburg (Rudolstadt, Sondershausen) · Schwarzburg (Rudolstadt, Sondershausen) · County of Henneberg (to 1583) · County of Mansfeld · Stolberg (with Wernigerode, Hohnstein) · Schönburg lordships · Welf lands → Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg · Principality of Lüneburg (Celle) · Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel → Duchy / Free State of Brunswick · Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel → Duchy / Free State of Brunswick · Calenberg → Electorate / Kingdom of Hanover · Calenberg → Electorate / Kingdom of Hanover · Principality of Grubenhagen (with Göttingen line) · Oldenburg (County, Duchy 1774, Grand Duchy, Free State) · Lower Saxony and the north · Oldenburg (County, Duchy 1774, Grand Duchy, Free State) · Hesse and the middle Rhine · Oldenburg (County, Duchy 1774, Grand Duchy, Free State) · Lower Saxony and the north · Oldenburg (County, Duchy 1774, Grand Duchy, Free State) · Hesse and the middle Rhine · East Frisia (County 1464; Principality) · Holstein · Holstein · Duchy of Schleswig (Danish fief; outside the Empire) · Schaumburg → Schaumburg-Lippe · Schaumburg → Schaumburg-Lippe · Lippe (Lordship, County, Principality, Free State) · Lippe (Lordship, County, Principality, Free State) · Counties of Hoya and Diepholz · Bentheim, Tecklenburg, Lingen, Steinfurt · Bentheim, Tecklenburg, Lingen, Steinfurt · County of Ravensberg · Mecklenburg · Mecklenburg-Stargard / -Strelitz · Duchy of Pomerania · Duchy of Pomerania · Principality of Rügen (Danish fief; to Pomerania 1325) · Principality of Rügen (Danish fief; to Pomerania 1325) · Swedish dominions in the Empire · Brandenburg, Pomerania, Mecklenburg · Swedish dominions in the Empire · Lower Saxony and the north · Swedish dominions in the Empire · Brandenburg, Pomerania, Mecklenburg · Landgraviate of Hesse · Hesse-Kassel (Electorate of Hesse 1803) · Hesse-Kassel (Electorate of Hesse 1803) · Hesse-Darmstadt · Hesse-Darmstadt · Hesse-Marburg and Hesse-Rheinfels (1567-1604) · Hesse-Homburg · Nassau · Nassau-Dillenburg / Orange-Nassau (Ottonian line) · Nassau-Dillenburg / Orange-Nassau (Ottonian line) · County of Katzenelnbogen (to 1479) · Hanau (Münzenberg, Lichtenberg) · Isenburg, Solms, Wetterau counts · Waldeck (and Pyrmont) · Waldeck (and Pyrmont) · Wied, Sayn, Wittgenstein, Westerwald counts · Leiningen, Wild- and Rhinegraves, Sponheim, Veldenz counts · County of Saarbrücken (to Nassau 1381) · Jülich · Berg (County, Duchy 1380; Grand Duchy 1806-13) · Cleves (County, Duchy 1417; with Mark from 1398) · County of Mark · Guelders and Zutphen · Moers, Limburg-Styrum and other lower Rhine lordships · Arenberg, Salm, Manderscheid and Eifel lordships · Kingdom of Westphalia (1807-13) · Dalberg states: Regensburg, Aschaffenburg, Grand Duchy of Frankfurt · Grand Duchy of Würzburg (1805-14) · Württemberg (County, Duchy 1495, Kingdom 1806) · Württemberg (County, Duchy 1495, Kingdom 1806) · Baden · Baden · Fürstenberg · Oettingen · Hohenlohe · Waldburg, Montfort, Königsegg and Upper Swabian counts · Waldburg, Montfort, Königsegg and Upper Swabian counts · Helfenstein, Werdenberg, Tübingen and other Swabian counts · Limpurg, Löwenstein, Erbach, Wertheim, Castell · Imperial Knights and unidentified minor lordships · Minor counts and lords · Swabia and the upper Rhine · Minor counts and lords · central Italy · Minor counts and lords · Alpine lands · Minor counts and lords · Swabia and the upper Rhine · Minor counts and lords · central Italy · Württemberg-Baden, South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern → Baden-Württemberg 1952 · Archbishopric-Electorate of Mainz · Archbishopric-Electorate of Cologne · Archbishopric-Electorate of Cologne · Archbishopric-Electorate of Trier · Archbishopric-Electorate of Trier · Archbishopric of Salzburg (Electorate 1803-05) · Archbishopric of Magdeburg (to Brandenburg 1680) · Archbishopric of Bremen (and Bishopric of Verden) · Archbishopric of Besançon · Prince-Bishopric of Münster · Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn · Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück · Prince-Bishopric of Minden · Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim · Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt · Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg · Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg · Franconia · Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg · Alpine lands · Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt · Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg · Prince-Bishopric of Constance · Prince-Bishopric of Speyer · Prince-Bishopric of Worms · Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg · Prince-Bishopric of Basel · Prince-Bishopric of Liège · Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht (Sticht and Oversticht) · Prince-Bishopric of Cambrai · Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun · Prince-Bishopric of Passau · Prince-Bishopric of Freising · Prince-Bishopric of Regensburg · Prince-Bishopric of Brixen · Prince-Bishopric of Trent · Prince-Bishopric of Chur · Prince-Bishopric of Sion / Valais · Prince-Bishopric of Sion / Valais · Patriarchate of Aquileia (Friuli) · Imperial Abbey / Bishopric of Fulda · Bishoprics of Meissen, Merseburg and Naumburg · Bishoprics of Brandenburg, Havelberg, Lebus, Cammin · Bishoprics of Lübeck, Ratzeburg and Schwerin · Bishoprics of Warmia (Ermland), Pomesania, Samland, Culm · Bishopric of Breslau (Neisse-Grottkau) · Bishopric of Breslau (Neisse-Grottkau) · Imperial abbeys and minor ecclesiastical states · Saxony, Thuringia, Anhalt · Imperial abbeys and minor ecclesiastical states · Swabia and the upper Rhine · Imperial abbeys and minor ecclesiastical states · Bavaria · Imperial abbeys and minor ecclesiastical states · Brandenburg, Pomerania, Mecklenburg · Imperial abbeys and minor ecclesiastical states · Lower Saxony and the north · Free and Imperial Cities · Swabia and the upper Rhine · Free and Imperial Cities · Lower Saxony and the north · Free and Imperial Cities · Saxony, Thuringia, Anhalt · Free and Imperial Cities · Switzerland · Free and Imperial Cities · Swabia and the upper Rhine · Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg · Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg · Free Hanseatic City of Bremen · Free Hanseatic City of Bremen · Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck (to 1937) · Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck (to 1937) · Free City of Frankfurt (to 1866) · Free City of Frankfurt (to 1866) · Imperial City of Nuremberg · Free Imperial City of Cologne · Danzig · West Berlin · East Berlin · Duchy of Brabant (with Limburg from 1288) · Duchy of Limburg (to 1288) · County of Flanders · County of Flanders · County of Hainaut · County of Holland and Zeeland · County of Namur · County of Loon (to Liège 1366) · County of Artois · Burgundian → Habsburg → Spanish → Austrian Netherlands · Burgundian → Habsburg → Spanish → Austrian Netherlands · Dutch Republic (1581/1648) → Kingdom of the Netherlands · Dutch Republic (1581/1648) → Kingdom of the Netherlands · Kingdom of Belgium (1830) · Upper Lorraine → Duchy of Lorraine (to France 1766) · Upper Lorraine → Duchy of Lorraine (to France 1766) · County / Duchy of Bar · Alsatian lordships · Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine (1871-1918) · Free County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté) · Savoy (County, Duchy 1416) → Kingdom of Sardinia 1720 · Savoy (County, Duchy 1416) → Kingdom of Sardinia 1720 · Dauphiné of Viennois (to France 1349) · County of Provence (to France 1481-86) · Archbishopric and County of Lyon, Forez (to France 1312) · Orange, Comtat Venaissin and Avignon · County of Montbéliard (Württemberg 1397-1793) · Old Swiss Confederacy → Switzerland · Old Swiss Confederacy → Switzerland · Three Leagues (Grisons) · Three Leagues (Grisons) · Bishopric / Republic of Geneva · Bishopric / Republic of Geneva · Neuchâtel (Prussian 1707-1857) · Neuchâtel (Prussian 1707-1857) · Abbey of St Gall · Counts of Kyburg, Lenzburg, Toggenburg, Gruyère and other Swiss lords · Liechtenstein (Vaduz and Schellenberg) · Liechtenstein (Vaduz and Schellenberg) · Milan · Republic of Venice · Republic of Genoa · northern Italy · Republic of Genoa · Rhône and Provence · Republic of Genoa · northern Italy · Florence → Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569) · Florence → Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569) · Republic of Siena (to 1555) · Republic of Pisa (to 1406) · central Italy · Republic of Pisa (to 1406) · Rhône and Provence · Republic / Duchy of Lucca · Republic / Duchy of Lucca · Mantua (Gonzaga; to Austria 1708) · Este: Ferrara, Modena and Reggio · Este: Ferrara, Modena and Reggio · Duchy of Parma and Piacenza · Duchy of Parma and Piacenza · Verona (Scaliger) and Padua (Carrara) (to Venice 1405) · Lombard, Emilian and Tuscan communes and lordships · Lombard, Emilian and Tuscan communes and lordships · Papal States · Papal States · Kingdom of Italy (1861) / Italian Republic · Cisalpine / Italian Republic, Kingdom of Italy · Kingdom of Sicily / Naples · France · Low Countries · France · Low Countries · France · Alpine lands · Denmark · Poland · Poland · Russian Empire / Soviet Union · Prussia proper · Russian Empire / Soviet Union · Silesia · Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia) · Croatia / Hungary-Croatia / Ottoman frontier · North Rhine-Westphalia (1946) · Lower Saxony (1946) · Rhineland-Palatinate (1946) · Saar · Saar · Saxony-Anhalt (1945-52, 1990) · German Democratic Republic (districts, 1952-90) · General Government (German-occupied Poland 1939-45) · Memel Territory (1920-39) · Polabian Slavs · Polabian Slavs · County of Arnsberg (to Cologne 1368) · German Reich: annexed and incorporated territories · Prussia proper · German Reich: annexed and incorporated territories · Lorraine, Alsace, Franche-Comté · German Reich: annexed and incorporated territories · Alpine lands · Imperial Abbey of Corvey · Free Territory of Trieste (1947-54) · Dukes of Merania · Baltic tribes · Grand Duchy of Lithuania / Republic of Lithuania